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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>ACCURACY IN THE THICKNESS MEASUREMENT OF CORRODED BRIDGE STEEL USING AN ULTRASONIC THICKNESS METER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711276</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the results of a study investigating the accuracy of a digital ultrasonic meter.  A series of measurements were made of a corroded specimen of bridge steel using an ultrasonic meter and a mounted mechanical dial gage. Statistics were used to compare the two sets of data.  The ultrasonic gage was shown to be accurate to only +/- 0.1 in. Further inspection of the specimen using an ultrasonic A-scan meter showed internal flaws, which lead to the inaccurate ultrasonic thickness gage readings.  This test showed that an ultrasonic thickness gage may be inappropriate where internal flaws are present.  In such situations, an A-scan meter should be used instead.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711276</guid>
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      <title>RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NDE OF CONCRETE BRIDGE STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nondestructive evaluation of reinforced, prestressed, and post-tensioned concrete structures based on the utilization of the concepts of magnetic flux leakage and propagation of transient waves in the concrete medium have shown remarkable promise in recent years.  This paper summarizes the methodologies and results of recent studies on two such techniques, the Magnetic Field Disturbance (MFD) and Impact-Echo (IE), used for nondestructive evaluation of concrete bridges. Theoretical, experimental, and field studies were conducted and presented in this paper to further develop and investigate the MFD and IE techniques for their application to concrete highway bridge structures.  It has been found that both techniques yield high potentials for successful use in nondestructive evaluation of concrete bridge structures.  Flaws, such as cracks, voids, and honeycombing, in concrete members and in post-tensioning ducts and corrosion and cracking of embedded reinforcing bars and prestressing strands can be detected with good reliability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711277</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>INSPECTION OF MODEL STEEL BRIDGE COMPONENTS WITH ELECTRONIC SHEAROGRAPHY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent advances in the techniques of Laser Interferometry have made them attractive tools for measurement of surface phenomena. Different techniques are suitable for in-plane and out-of-plane displacement and strain measurements.  These techniques are highly sensitive, noninvasive and noncontacting, and therefore are very amenable to remote monitoring.  More recently, the "Shearography" technique has become a promising tool for inspection of aging aircrafts.  This technique uses the interference of coherent laser beams to detect displacement derivatives or strains.  Electronic processing of the images have replaced the use of photosensitive films.  The major implication of this is that vibration isolation is no longer an issue in this kind of laser interferometry.  Also, the optical set-up used in Shearography minimizes the limitations created by the "coherence length" of the laser beam.  This implies that large objects can be simultaneously illuminated and examined by this technique.  These capabilities of Electronic Shearography (ES) address several questions raised regarding the author's earlier paper at this conference (Maji, 1990): what are the limitations on the object size, or the field applicability of laser interferometry techniques?  The fringe readouts can also be automated using similar techniques.  Testing and inspection can therefore be carried out in real time.  This paper explains the principles of application and the advantages of this technique over other nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques currently in use.  The possibilities of full scale testing of large objects and structures have been explored based on our scaled down tests.  The ES technique was used to observe fringe patterns during plate bending and strain concentrations on small scale-model tests.  Models of bridge components with simulated cracks were subsequently tested.  Tests were also carried out to study the effect of ambient vibrations and light with the objective of transferring this technology to full scale field testing of bridges and other steel structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711278</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SONIC NDE OF BRIDGES AND OTHER CONCRETE STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents recent innovations for sonic and ultrasonic scanning of concrete bridges and structures.  Recent technical advances in instrumentation systems by the author's firm allow, for the first time, the potential for rapid scanning of structural concrete with ultrasonic and sonic methods.  This recently developed instrumentation provides for practically continuous nondestructive testing with PC-based data acquisition and software analysis.  Test data are presented to illustrate the applications of the scanner to traditional point-by-point Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Impact Echo methods.  The paper also presents an introduction to a technology recently applied to nondestructive evaluation of concrete structures, especially slabs, tunnels, massive concrete structures, and other installations where information on thick concrete or on concrete and the subsurface behind the concrete is required.  The technology, Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves, allows nondestructive determination of the shear wave velocities of the various components of a layered system while testing from only one surface.  Included is an overview of the method and the principles behind it, as well as some case-history examples.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MAGNETICALLY INDUCED VELOCITY CHANGE TO MEASURE RESIDUAL STRESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711280</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the accuracy and repeatability of the Magnetically Induced Velocity Change (MIVC) method to measure uniaxial stress in three common types of bridge steel.  The MIVC method measures the velocity change of ultrasonic waves in ferromagnetic materials due to an applied magnetic field. Curves of the velocity change plotted against the applied magnetic field are unique for each stress level in typical bridge steel.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711280</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGED STRUCTURES USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711281</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) in the evaluation of reinforced concrete and masonry (reinforced and unreinforced) structures, damaged during recent earthquake activity in Costa Rica is presented.  The NDT equipment available in the Materials and Structural Models Laboratory of the University of Costa Rica is described.  This is followed by a brief discussion of the calibration procedures employed and a description of three field applications:  low cost housing built with reinforced concrete masonry block; low rise (3 to 5 story) reinforced concrete buildings; and Costa Rica's National Theater, a 100-year-old partially unreinforced clay brick masonry structure.  Finally, recommendations and conclusions referring to the correct use, limitations and scope of NDT in this area are given.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711281</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UTILIZATION OF SONIC TESTS TO EVALUATE DAMAGED AND REPAIRED MASONRIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711282</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When dealing with conservation of existing buildings, the detection of damaged areas of the walls and the evaluation of the level of damage are needed before deciding on the type and extent of repair.  After rehabilitation, the effectiveness of the repair also has to be determined.  Research has been carried out by the authors on the application of pulse velocity tests to the evaluation of the integrity of historic masonry structures and of the efficacy of masonry strengthening by injection techniques.  Sonic tests appear to be more suitable than ultrasonic tests to detect large voids, flaws, cracks and delaminated bed joints, to evaluate walls of great thickness and to obtain clear waveforms for further processing.  There being direct empirical correlations between masonry strength and sonic pulse velocity, limited by a high degree of scatter in the data, a rough guide for masonry quality is proposed based on different levels of pulse velocity values.  The measurement of local effectiveness of masonry repair by injection is also proposed by using as a parameter the product amplitude by frequency of the fundamental wave.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711282</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MICROWAVE REFLECTOMETRY AS A NONDESTRUCTIVE TOOL FOR STUDYING CONCRETE PROPERTIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the preliminary results of several experiments that were conducted to evaluate the potential of microwave nondestructive testing as a tool for detection/evaluation of properties associated with concrete structures.  These controlled experiments were aimed at studying aggregate size distribution and strength (water to cement ratio).  Using microwave reflectometers at 4 and 9.5 GHz, studies of the characteristics of the magnitude of reflection coefficient as a function of concrete parameters were conducted. Although these results are preliminary, they show the potential of this technique for studying concrete structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRUCTURAL DAMAGE DETECTION USING STEREO CAMERA MEASUREMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711284</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper the authors discuss the feasibility of using stereo camera measurements to monitor motion in civil engineering structures; these measurements would be useful for nondestructive evaluation of large scale structures.  The authors use stereo camera information to estimate the locations and translations of specific structural features under various nondestructive loadings.  They then combine these measurements with a priori knowledge of structural geometry and topology to estimate structural parameters.  They combine system identification techniques with methods for subpixel measurement and reliable feature matching to resolve measured motions.  They discuss the issues associated with making these measurements and illustrate the technique on a small physical model of a single tier, two story frame structure.  They were able to estimate motions of the model with less than 2.4% error.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711284</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STRUCTURAL TIMBER ASSESSMENT USING NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711285</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of stress wave-based nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques has significantly enhanced the ability to assess the reliability of timber structures.  Application of innovative NDE techniques enables a structural evaluation of integrity during fabrication of wood components and maintenance of timber structures at a defined level of safety.  This paper describes three developments and their applications to structural timber.  These developments include stress wave analysis of timber structures that incorporates a strength prediction method, strength grading of wood poles using longitudinal stress waves, and an acousto-ultrasonic NDE method for quality assurance of engineered wood components.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711285</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF HOLLOW CLAY TILE WALLS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711286</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Experiments have been conducted using sonics, ultrasonics, infrared thermography, and microwave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques on hollow clay tile masonry construction at the Department of Energy Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.  The experiments are part of a major test program to evaluate the seismic and wind load capacity of existing hollow clay tile infilled steel frame buildings at the Y-12 Plant and to recommend the extent of retrofit required to ensure these structures will meet the current requirements for natural hazards survival.  Many of the techniques that showed promise in bench top experiments proved to be disappointing for in situ evaluations.  For the problem definitions specific to the Y-12 Plant test program, at least two NDE techniques continue to justify funding for further development into a useful methodology:  infrared thermography and low power microwave spectrography.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711286</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF BRIDGE, HIGHWAY AND AIRPORT PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Billions of dollars have been spent over the last 50 years in order to build our nation's concrete infrastructure.  Bridges, highways and airport pavements comprise the major uses to which this money has been allocated.  Unfortunately, these major pieces of our infrastructure are coming to the end of their design lives and very little funding exists for their maintenance or replacement.  Therefore, new technologies must be found and adapted for evaluating these concrete structures so that their maximum value and life can be realized.  Once a concrete structure can be evaluated as to its areas in need of maintenance or replacement, proper economical decisions can be made for its rehabilitation.  Two nondestructive techniques, Infrared Thermography and Ground Penetrating Radar, have been developed that, when used either separately or together, can quickly, efficiently and economically evaluate large concrete pavement areas and structures.  This technical paper describes each of these technologies and illustrates their applications with case studies in which they were used, both individually and in unison.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711287</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVALUATION AND TESTING OF A CLOSED SPANDREL REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH BRIDGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711288</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A sixty-year-old closed spandrel reinforced concrete arch bridge will undergo rehabilitation instead of replacement.  Selection of appropriate rehabilitation alternatives requires that a thorough structural assessment be conducted.  Assessment of the existing reinforced concrete structure can only be conducted when material strengths, as-constructed dimensions and geometry, steel placement parameters, steel section loss to corrosion, and the degree of concrete deterioration are accurately estimated. A comprehensive evaluation program was established for the bridge to determine requisite assessment parameters.  The testing program, presented in this paper, illustrates how the combined applications of many nondestructive and semi-destructive test methods provide reliable strength and deterioration estimates essential for structural assessment and rehabilitation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711288</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ULTRASONIC TESTING OF FILLET WELDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711289</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An ultrasonic technique using refracted longitudinal waves to test T-joint fillet welds is reported.  The probability of detection of longitudinal (hot tear) cracks is quantified. Differentiation of longitudinal fillet weld discontinuities is indicated.  Recommendations are made for evaluation and acceptance criteria which could be incorporated in the Bridge Welding Code.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711289</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF HYDROPHONES TO MONITOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PIPE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/711290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an overview of the development to date of an underwater acoustic monitoring system which incorporates hydrophones as the listening component to detect wire breaks in prestressed concrete pipe.  Also discussed are the testing programs that have been run to produce both better suited hydrophones for this application and an automated real-time signal processing system to record and determine the location of the wire breaks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 May 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/711290</guid>
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