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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES FOR RAIL-TRACK INSPECTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/663712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid increase in the speed and density of global rail traffic, there is growing demand by governments and the rail industry for reliable and automated rail track inspection systems. This paper presents a brief overview of recent advances in non-destructive testing technologies that may be applied to rail track inspection. These techniques are described and their relative merits and drawbacks are highlighted and compared. The comparison indicates that no single ultrasonic technique can be used alone for comprehensive rail track inspection, and the combination of two or more techniques is required to achieve the required levels of accuracy and reliability. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E118270.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Sep 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/663712</guid>
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      <title>AN INTELLIGENT AND AUTONOMOUS SENSOR FOR MONITORING FATIGUE DAMAGE IN WELDED STEEL COMPONENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/663713</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A sensor system is described that performs long- term monitoring of fatigue damage, experienced by load- bearing welded steel components such as bridge struts and vehicle suspension units. The device consists of a steel coupon containing a fatigue crack, which is permanently attached to the structure adjacent to a critical joint. Cyclic stresses induced in the coupon by the in-service loading on the structure cause the fatigue crack in the sensor to extend. Matching of the coupon to the structure by finite element analyses and fracture mechanics results in direct proportionality between the crack growth in the coupon and expended fatigue life of the target joint. Monitoring crack length therefore gives a measure of the fatigue damage accumulated by the structure, and allows predictions of remaining life. Crack growth is monitored and recorded by a battery- powered microcontroller system embedded within the sensor. The device also incorporates an infra-red communication system that allows data to be downloaded to a hand held data-logger by an inspection engineer. At the present time, power-management systems are being investigated to ensure long-term viability of the sensor system. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E118270.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Sep 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/663713</guid>
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      <title>CHARACTERISATION AND SIZING OF WELD DEFECTS USING PHASED ARRAY TECHNOLOGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/663714</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ultrasonic Phased Array technology has now been in industrial use for a number of years mainly within the power industry and in recent years has developed into a production tool for automated inspection within the pipe inspection industry. This paper expands on the use of phased array technology and presents examples where the technology has been successfully used for the critical characterisation and sizing of complex defects. These include the unambiguous characterisation of porosity, slag, lack of fusion and rough cracks. It is believed that correct defect characterisation allows correct choice of defect sizing techniques. In conclusion it is believed that by using this technology appropriately, phased array inspection can achieve defect sizing accuracy similar to that of TOFD together with de reliable defect detection available with automated pulse echo inspection (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E118270.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Sep 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/663714</guid>
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      <title>A WHOLE SYSTEMS APPROACH TO BEST PRACTICE IN NDT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/663715</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent catastrophic incidents on the railways have shown the effects of increasing fragmentation of inspection responsibilities. Moreover, there has been concern for some time about the reliability of inspection work in the oil industry, where documented procedures, trained personnel and state-of-the-art equipment have not guaranteed high quality NDT. A survey of working practices in NDT for the American Petroleum Institute has concluded that a more holistic approach is needed. This paper will discuss some of the issues and suggest a way forward. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E118270.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Sep 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/663715</guid>
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      <title>CIVIL ENGINEERING NDT IN THE UK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389494</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The scope of non destructive testing (NDT) usage across the broadly based Civil Engineering Industry is outlined. Some specialist high risk areas make extensive use of NDT of metallic components as part of quality assurance and maintenance procedures.  In mainstream Civil Engineering activities, the extent of NDT usage is more variable but includes assessment of ground conditions, location of hidden features, and appraisal and maintenance assessment of pavements, sewers and structures.  Attention is given to recent developments and relevant research known to be in progress is identified.  (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389494</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>NDT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING IN GERMANY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper reports on the efforts to make non destructive testing (NDT) methods more common in civil engineering by means of information and recommendations.  With this point in view the German methodical survey and a compendium of NDT methods are outlined. Some examples of recent developments in testing illustrate the present situation. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389495</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>NON DESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF RC STRUCTURES. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN JAPAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389496</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is a brief introduction to the use of non destructive testing (NDT) for reinforced concrete structures in Japan.  It includes information on new draft proposals on standardisation of tests and equipment in Japan.  NDT techniques can be used in civil engineering and include ultrasonic testing, acoustic emission, electromagnetic technique, and use of X rays, thermographs and radar. For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389496</guid>
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      <title>RADAR INSPECTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389497</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seismic radar has been used as a geophysical tool for mineral exploration since the 1970's.  Ground probing radar has been used in many applications world-wide.  In the United Kingdom, radar became an established tool in the investigation of a sub-standard block of flats at Ronan Point in 1984.  An advantage of radar is that it can be used to scan whole areas at an acceptable speed.  However, despite the potential of radar, the civil engineering community in the UK has been slow to adopt the technology. This is partly because some claims about the capabilities of radar have been overstated, and also because the data currently generated can be difficult for the non-specialist to understand.  The work (the authors all work at the National NDT Centre at Harwell) has used two approaches to address these specific problems.  First, signal processing combined with a well-defined inspection procedure has been used to produce clearer images.  Second, modelling of assumed subsurface structure is carried out to yield theoretical images which can be used to optimise inspections and aid in interpretation of real datafiles. The advantages to typical radar data are demonstrated by example.  (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389497</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>IMPULSE RADAR - DETAIL WITHOUT DESTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389498</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Following a brief introduction covering the theoretical background to the Impulse Radar Method, the paper tackles the major problems with the technique in its current state of development and suggests possible ways forward in the resolution of these problems within the future.  (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389498</guid>
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      <title>GROUND PROBING RADAR APPLICATIONS IN SITE INVESTIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although early experiments in the application of Ground Probing Radar to site investigation occurred in the early part of this century, it is only in the last ten years that this geophysical method has been used as a routine site investigation technique.  All too often this technique has been misapplied and has led to disappointing results, often of little use to the Geotechnical Engineer.  The reasons for this are examined and it is suggested that the introduction of Ground Probing Radar systems which are based on proven seismic reflection methodology will overcome some of the misapplications of the past. Reference is made to the requirement for radar signal propagation velocity determination to be made on site and the pre-survey requirement of assessing theoretical ground radar applicability before commencing a radar survey.  Examples of case histories are given.  (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389499</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A GROUND PROBING RADAR INVESTIGATION TO ASSESS THE STRUCTURAL LIMIT OF DEEP RC SLAB</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An NDT investigation of the reinforced concrete foundation raft of Fulham Power Station was carried out, following the demolition and removal of the old superstructure.  The objective was to assess the condition of the slab, which was to be used as a foundation for carrying new multistorey structures on the redeveloped site.  The slab was located 4 metres below ground level, varied in thickness from 2 - 4 metres, and was surrounded along its perimeter by thick, tapered, cantilever reinforced retaining walls. Ground Probing Radar (GPR) was used to investigate the thickness and integrity of the concrete, and to locate pipes and steelwork embedded within and outside the concrete foundation, including reinforcement within the slab and retaining walls, RSJ's, tanks and other hidden obstructions.  A series of cores were extracted from the concrete to establish its strength and quality, calibrate the GPR data and to investigate selected anomalous findings from the radar survey.  (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389500</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE QUALITY USING PULSED RADAR REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389501</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of pulsed radar as a non destructive tool for assessing the quality and structural integrity of concrete has gained popularity in the USA, the UK and elsewhere. Two different approaches can be used. One method studies the reflection of a signal, primarily off the top surface of the concrete, using a remote horn transmitter and receiver. The second method uses a transducer in contact with the surface of the concrete to study a radar pulse transmitted through the interior of the element and reflected from remote interfaces.  The paper discusses the use of both techniques on simple concrete specimens identifying particular advantages and limitations.  A novel finite element modelling of radar field propagation is used to compare the results of these two techniques.  The influence of a bitumen road surfacing overlaying the concrete is considered together with the effects of material non-homogeneities within the concrete.  Laboratory test results are used to support the theoretical findings. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389501</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGHWAY SPEED RADAR FOR PAVEMENT AND BRIDGE DECK EVALUATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389502</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Radar has been developed as an economical alternative for evaluating pavement layer properties and estimating quantities of deterioration in bridge decks.  These highway applications are based on the use of vehicle-mounted radar systems travelling at highway speed.  Surveys are conducted without lane closures, and extensive lane and area coverage can be obtained in a short survey period. Customized software has been specifically developed to handle and interpret the large quantities of data collected by this system.  Two integrated hardware/software systems have been developed and extensively tested for pavement layer thickness and bridge deck condition evaluations.  PAVLAYER, for pavements, has demonstrated an accuracy of plus or minus 7.5% for asphalt layer thickness evaluation based on tests on 100 pavement sections and correlation with 250 cores.  DECAR, for bridge decks, has demonstrated an accuracy of plus or minus 4.4% of the total deteriorated area based on ground truth evaluation of 56 bridge decks. The paper describes the details of the hardware and software components and the analytic methods used in these two systems.  Also presented are descriptions of three field evaluation programs, in which the PAVLAYER and DECAR results are correlated with ground truth.  Typical output and ground truth correlations are presented.  (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389502</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>GPR APPLICATIONS FOR BRIDGE DECK EVALUATIONS IN FINLAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389503</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The usefulness of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) for examining areas of deterioration in bridge decks was tested in Finland, with the aim of assessing whether the method can be used to estimate pavement thickness, deterioration of the protective concrete and slab and damage to the water proofing.  Some tests were also performed to locate cracks in the slab.  The surveys were performed using ground coupled dipole "bow-tie" antennae with frequencies of 900 MHz, 1.0 GHz and 1.5 GHz, and 2.5 GHz TEM horn antennae were also tested.  The measured GPR data were compared with information obtained from drill cores and damage mapping during repair of the bridges.  The results show that GPR can be used to map areas of deterioration in bridge decks. The radar data image of the weathered areas varies depending on whether the damaged concrete is dry or saturated with water, but the level of deterioration is still difficult to determine from radar data alone in all bridges and some reference drill cores have to be taken. A pavement thickness of more than 40 mm can be determined with sufficient accuracy and failures between the concrete and asphalt pavement and in water proofing are also detectable.  The problems with the method as used in Finland have concerned the manual interpretation of the GPR data, which is slow and time-consuming, but efforts are under way to develop software for automatic interpretation.  (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389503</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DETECTION OF PRESTRESSED STEEL TENDONS BEHIND REINFORCEMENT BARS, DETECTION OF VOIDS IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES - A SUITABLE APPLICATION FOR RADAR SERVICES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/389504</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Non-destructive testing as element of "quality-assurance" gains more and more importance in estimating the stability of old or damaged construction material.  Radar technique, an electromagnetic testing method, can then be applied when continuous layers of different dielectric properties are to be detected within a construction unit. Location of prestressed steel tendons being reinforcement bars, as well as detection of voids in concrete structures, are typical examples for radar appliances in building engineering. Basics of this procedure, the use of it during "surveys" as well as examples of application, will be given.  (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 861706.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/389504</guid>
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