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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>BIENNIAL NAV AND ANNUAL WEMT CONFERENCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/400255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The 35 papers in these proceedings are organized under six headings: Economic Considerations of Ship Operation; Mission Oriented Design of Ship and Machinery; Reliability of Structures and Machinery; Manufacturing Considerations; Performance Monitoring; and Plants and Automation Developments. For details on individual papers, see AN 10541-A1 through AN 10541-A30]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/400255</guid>
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      <title>ADVANCED CONCEPT OF SHIP COLLISION AVOIDANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/400256</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A concept for ship collision avoidance is proposed, one that utilizes advances in electronics, communications engineering, information processing and computer science. To compensate for the shortcomings of current collision avoidance methods--namely, inadequate lookout and inaccurate estimation of the behavior of ships in the vicinity--ship-to-ship data communications are proposed for the exchange of the accurate information that is needed concerning ship navigation.  The authors maintain that the establishment of such a system would greatly improve collision avoidance. On the assumption of its establishment, they deal with developing a unified algorithm for collision avoidance. Diagrams showing the results of simulated encounters of up to seven ships are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/400256</guid>
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      <title>ADVANCED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR MARITIME TRANSPORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402940</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of "Maritime Transport Operation System" as a support tool for management of a shipping company is described. One of the conclusions arrived at is that such a system will only function satisfactorily if the system is com posed of the combination of operations manager and management support tool. In that combination, it is always the operations manager who judges the situation and makes the decisions. The management support tool is based on a database containing all necessary information about cargo, ports and ship; a model of the ship market; an allocation model optimizing the allocation of ships to commodity flows; and a ship operation simulation model calculating physical and financial performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402940</guid>
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      <title>ADVANCES IN MERCHANT SHIPS OPERATION: REQUIREMENTS, MEANS AND LIMITS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402941</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors examine the costs of three main operational areas: manning, maintenance and fuel. Manning has become a top concern of owners, displacing the concern over fuel conservation that dominated the 1970s.  Aspects discussed include crew size, personnel background, the ratio of officers to ratings, and relationships between crew cost, crew size, ship systems, automation level and workload. Multipurpose crews, job allocation, shipboard organization and personnel training and regulation are also touched upon. The discussion of maintenance focuses upon condition monitoring, condition-based maintenance and planned maintenance systems. The third area of interest, energy cost, is then analyzed by a brief review of energy-saving components, allocated to specific design improvements. Compared with fuel costs for a ship of the late 1970s, fuel savings are now estimated to be in the neighborhood of 10 percent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402941</guid>
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      <title>CONSEQUENCES OF THE NEW IMPULSE IN FLAGGING-OUT ON THE DESIGN AND AUTOMATION OF SHIPS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402942</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The contents of this paper cover: legislative support being given the operation of ships under open registries; the impact of flagging on different EEC (European Economic Community) ships and ship types; the relationship between country of flag and country of build; and trends in manning adjustment, including how crew costs can be optimized, criteria for manning adjustment, and specific requirements for onboard automation equipment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402942</guid>
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      <title>WESTERN EUROPE'S MARITIME CRISIS: SOME PROPOSED TECHNOLOGICAL INITIATIVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The extent, nature and possible long term consequences of Western Europe's maritime crisis are outlined. Various palliative measures are briefly reviewed. None is judged to be either timely or effective in so reducing the cost of ownership as to encourage Western shipowners to return to the market for profit. WEMT (the West European Conference on Marine Technology) has accordingly been considering some radically new technological initiatives. Those described are: cement based materials and what recent advances have to offer; foam and its injection over a vessel's lower hull to reduce wetted surface effect; command, monitoring and control, and how modern developments could be applied with advantage to crew numbers; and the production of hydrogen and oxygen on demand (and hence safely) from seawater, with consequent savings in energy costs. The systems are briefly described and illustrated. The second main part of the paper addresses four marine transport concepts and how the new technologies previously described might be applied to them with significant financial advantage. The concepts outlined are: a 60,000 dwt gearless bulk carrier, a towed submersible barge train, cargo submarines for sub-polar operations. and a rapid-turn- round SWATH container ship.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402943</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ON THE ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE MARINE TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF THE HELLENIC ISLANDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402944</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Economic development in various countries has led to an increased demand for mobility in both leisure and business, a demand that statistics show is likely to continue, at least into the near future. Despite the growth observed, effective transport planning is considered necessary by the operator or central authority, or by both. This transport planning, say the authors, will be of limited value if the present level of statistical transport data coverage is not improved. They describe an effort aimed at both the collection and classification of statistical data as well as at the provision of tools capable of assisting the planner in his work. The transport system studied is that of the Hellenic coastal shipping.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402944</guid>
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      <title>PRELIMINARY SHIP DESIGN USING THE HOSDES CAD SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper gives a description of HOSDES, a fully interactive computer-aided design system for the conceptual and preliminary design of ships, recently completed at Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN). The first part of the paper deals with the overall system architecture of HOSDES and the general software tools within the system.  The main part is devoted to the practical use of HOSDES, with special emphasis on the exploration of the possible design space to obtain the optimal starting point for the design. A description is also given of the means available within the system to further develop a design once the main variables (such as length, beam, draft, displacement, etc.) have been determined. To this end, use can be made of a special design-guidance system that constitutes a knowledge-based subsystem in HOSDES. The last part of the paper describes work planned for the further development of HOSDES, such as its linkage to the INTERGRAPH and CATIA drafting systems and the MAESTRO structural analysis and design program.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402945</guid>
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      <title>M/S REPUBBLICA DI GENOVA--LAST GENERATION CAR CARRIER BUILT BY FINCANTIERI: DESIGN CRITERIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Though the REPUBBLICA DI GENOVA was essentially conceived as a car carrier (2500 European type), it was designed for maximum flexibility (mission-oriented design) and can also transport trailers, containers and a limited number of passengers. Such flexibility as to cargo type and handling has involved a complex sequence of problems concerning both structure and outfitting (fixed ramps, hinged ramps, car decks, quarter ramp, cranes, etc.). Moreover, the requirement regarding the capability of transporting even a limited number of passengers has called for compliance with two different series of rules: those concerning passenger ships and requiring, in particular, the watertight compartmentation necessary to save the ship in case of damage; and those for a cargo ship, involving compliance with the standing regulations on load line. The paper describes the basic design of the ship and the structural, hydrodynamic and vibrational problems that were involved in its design.  Numerous plan drawings are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402946</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A STATISTICAL POWER PREDICTION METHOD FOR OCEAN-GOING FISHING VESSELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402947</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Model experiments will continue to be necessary for accurately establishing the power requirements for a specific new fishing vessel design and for the optimization of hull areas. What this paper provides are proposed regression equations derived from the data accumulated during numerous model tests of oceangoing fishing vessels. The equations are intended as an aid to the designer in obtaining preliminary figures.  The towing tank tests involved more than 35 models and 54 experimental series over a period of 25 years. The tests were conducted at Italy's I.N.S.E.A.N. Model Basin.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402947</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE APPLICATION OF IKBS SYSTEMS TO SHIP OPERATION, SHIP EVALUATION AND SHIP DESIGN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402948</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The affinity between operation/design and planning in the context of AI research is used to investigate the application of IKBS systems to ship operation and mission-oriented ship design. Instead of turning 'operational data' into information and using it in an algorithmic procedure, as is the case with conventional computing, the interaction between operation and mission-oriented design is treated as a knowledge engineering problem in which a heuristic procedure is used to seek an 'improved solution.' Rather than using one of the available AI languages, an Expert System Shell running on an IBM Compatible PC is used to build the IKBS system. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach are briefly discussed. The development of rules that eventually constitute the system is outlined. The system is then applied to conceptual, mission-oriented ship design, and the system's use during evaluation is outlined. Work pending to extend the knowledge base and system applications is indicated, and possible economic benefits to users are noted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402948</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE OPTITECH CONCEPT FOR COMPETITIVE SHIPPING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The high manning costs in many shipping countries--as compared with those in low-cost flag countries--has been a driving force behind the development of highly automated vessels with manning levels of 10 or fewer. This development in manning levels and crew costs is reviewed. It is concluded that for most vessels in international trade, the most competitive ship management policy is to engage a reasonably large low-cost crew. This is an important basis for the design of future vessels, whose technology must be adapted to this crewing policy. The vessels must aim at combining the high efficiency and productivity characteristic of the most advanced vessels with the low capital and operational cost of the simpler vessels. This can be achieved by applying a blend of advanced technology with simple and robust equipment on a pure cost-benefit basis. This concept, given the name OPTITECH-concept, is further explained.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TIME DEPENDENT RELIABILITY OF THE PRIMARY SHIP STRUCTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402950</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A formulation is presented for quantifying the variation of ship structural reliability over time, taking into account the effects of corrosion. It is proposed that the reliability function can be quantified at discrete points during the ship's life, and that lifetime reliability can be calculated by integrating these values appropriately. It is shown that the usual practice of calculating the lifetime reliability directly can lead to unconservative results that are not able to properly account for the effect of strength degradation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402950</guid>
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      <title>DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR UNCONVENTIONAL SHIP STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402951</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper looks at the problem of the strength analysis of the unconventional ship structures that are sometimes proposed to improve the construction, operation or maintenance aspects of ships. This is a real problem, since most ship structures are designed on the basis of past experience and the extrapolation of existing and satisfactory designs. On the other hand, scientific procedures, such as reliability, have not yet been developed to the point where they can easily be applied to practical design, especially for transverse structures of a ship. A critical review is presented of current expertise in the field of direct strength analysis of ship transverse structures, and of the limits to its application. In the appendices, a practical collection of "how to do" methods are presented, with special reference to the strength analysis of two novel ships with pure longitudinal structure and no transverse frames.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402951</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A NEW APPROACH TOWARDS A MORE RELIABLE SHIP MACHINERY: GROUP REPLACEMENT STRATEGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/402952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most existing maintenance models consider only one component in spite of the fact that even the simplest engineering system consists of several renewable components. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a new model for the selection of an optimal maintenance strategy for systems consisting of several components, where the optimization criterion is minimum cost. The main principle is to undertake group replacement involving heterogenous components from the same subsystem; when any one component fails, replacement of all the components from the group takes place. The reason for this is that the number of system stoppages decreases as the number of components replaced together increases, which reduces operational losses from down time. The cost of spare parts will increase, however, because all components will be used to the full. There is an optimal solution, among all possible combinations of critical components from the same subsystem, therefore, that gives the minimum maintenance cost. The operational modes of merchant ships' machinery are analysed. Different subsystems are identified, and the Group Replacement Strategy is applied to one such subsystem as an example of the method proposed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/402952</guid>
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