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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>PRODUCTIVITY PROBLEMS IN WESTERN SURFACE COAL MINING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The constraints to production which are discussed are: transportation, personnel, weather, geology, government programs and regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Aug 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/167135</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STATUS OF THE IRON ORE INDUSTRY-1978</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/87214</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most striking production changes since 1952 are the growth in mine production of agglomerates and the decline in production of direct-shipping ore.  In 1952, less than 6 percent of usable ore was agglomerated before shipment, mostly in the form of sinter.  Pellets were still in the pilot plant stage.  In 1978, more than 80 percent of usable ore will be agglomerated before shipment, practically all in the form of pellets.  These changes have resulted from depletion of direct-shipping ores and increasing reliance on taconite.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/87214</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RUBBER-TIRED VERSUS RAIL HAULAGE AS A SERVICE FUNCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An analysis was conducted for a proposed Illinois mine.  The factors considered were operating capabilities, capital investment, operating costs (including labor), tax considerations, cost of capital and various intangible factors.  Mantrip costs and speeds were determined to be equal in both systems.  The model for this study was a shaft mine projected to produce 12,000 tpd (raw) by room and pillar methods in a 6-ft seam.  Panels were to be 750 ft wide by 4,000 ft deep.  Average grade would be 0.5% against the loads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Jul 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73957</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RECLAMATION ON THE BLACK MESA OF ARIZONA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/72619</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Black Mesa is a 3200-sq-mile geologic remnant located exclusively on Indian lands of the Navajo and Hopi nations. Peabody Coal Co.  plans to mine approximately 14,000 acres during the next 30 years.  Lack of soil moisture and uncontrolled grazing of livestock are the major problems in getting an effective vegetative cover restablished.  The reclamation plans of Peabody call for a regrading of the spoil material into topography that blends in with the adjacent natural landscape.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/72619</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTEGRAL ALUMINUM INDUSTRY FOR THE SOUTHEAST -- CONCERNS AND OUTLOOK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/72416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Reserves of kaolin in Georgia are more than adequate to support an alumina or aluminum industry.  The author gives economic estimates regarding a hydrochloric acid extraction method based on a million short tons a year production of alumina and concludes that a commercial alumina-from-kaolin facility in Georgia could be on stream between late 1980 and 1985.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Apr 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/72416</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GROUNDSTABILITY IN SURFACE COAL MINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/60236</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper outlines potential problems, investigational requirements, stability evaluation requirements and construction control recommendations to maintain stability of highway slopes, pit floors, spoil piles and waste embankments.  To illustrate typical problems and how to deal with them five case examples of stability on mining projects are discussed.  The major subject areas discussed in the paper are highway stability and floor heave, tailing impoundments, and waste embankments.  The case studies include a potential coal project in Western Canada, brown coal mining at the Morwell project in Australia, a tailing pond project for the Fording River Coal project in British Columbia, and an investigation of a waste dump below a strip mine that failed near Natal, British Columbia.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/60236</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PLANNING OF A NEW SURFACE MINE--WESTERN COAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/59639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are five geological provinces in the western states from which 100 percent of the lignite and sub-bituminous coal comes.  Part of just one province, the Northern Great Plains, has recoverable reserves of lignite and sub-bituminous and bituminous coal which account for 44 percent of the nation's total.  Most of western coal is low in sulfur and, therefore, in demand by utilities who must comply with the Clean Air Act.  It lies in thick seams appropriate to surface mining methods.  With a majority of coal reserves available in the West, several new mines are in planning stages.  The article looks briefly at some of the aspects of mine planning which must be considered.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Nov 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/59639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MODERN RAILROAD CONCEPTS FOR TRANSPORTING WESTERN COAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/53224</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Electrified train operation requires 10 to 20 percent less energy, in Btu per net ton-mile, than a diesel unit train and can make use of the coal it is hauling.  Since the electrified railroad receives its power from a central generating source, the locomotive is relatively silent and non-polluting compared to a diesel locomotive.  The generating source itself can be located away from populated areas; and, with proper pollution controls, the major pollutants from coal combustion can be reduced to levels far below those of diesel combustion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Aug 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/53224</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROGRESS WITH COAL SLURRY PIPELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/65680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Coal slurry pipelines are superior to rail transportation in most of the areas discussed here.  This does not lead to the conclusion that they should replace rail coal shipping, since pipelines are only adaptable to situations where there are large, stable volumes of coal to be delivered over fixed routes.  Rail transportation will remain essential for hauling the majority of the coal tonnage.  The role of the coal slurry pipeline is to increase total energy transport capacity and to mitigate the social and environmental impact of rail operations in the West.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 15 Dec 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/65680</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SURFACE COAL MINING-1975</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/45954</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During 1935 the U.S. Geological Survey published new coal reserve figures for the United States.  The Survey increased its estimate of United States' coal reserves by 23 percent to 4 trillion tons, or about one-half of the world total. The report estimates that, under present technology, about 434 billion tons of coal in this country are recoverable. It also states that one-third of this total is amenable to recovery by surface methods, i.e., can only be mined by surface methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Jul 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/45954</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NEW GENERATION OF COMBINATION LOCOMOTIVES FOR UNDERGROUND MINING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/36125</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Several accidents have occurred through the years in underground coal mines, directly related to the use of overhead trolley lines, and it has become economically attractive to do away with the trolley line, altogether, in areas other than the main haulageways.  This, however, poses a problem in powering locomotives in side entries.  A new generation of combination locomotives that can operate from the existing trolley line while on the mains and from a built-in battery when in the butt entries is described as a possible solution to this problem.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Feb 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/36125</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/39508</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Viscoelastic properties of bituminous concretes have been studied by observing creep behavior under a large range of compressive stress levels and temperatures.  Effect of air void content on the creep properties has been observed. Results indicate that the test materials display linear viscoelastic properties only at low stress levels and temperatures.  The nonlinear creep behavior that is found to occur at higher stress levels and temperature has been characterized by the nonlinear viscoelasticity theory and the creep compliance functions based upon this theory were evaluated for the test materials.  It is found that an increase in air void ratio leads to higher creep strains for a given stress level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/39508</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FEASIBILITY OF LONG DISTANCE SOLIDS PIPELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author discusses in detail factors that make for optimum practicability of long distance pipelining and ways that some of these can be achieved, namely:  1. The yearly tonnage of solid material to be transported should be large and the larger, the better.  2. The "grind" of the solid particles should be fine and the finer, the better. 3. The material should be available as a slurry of fine particles as part of the process itself.  4. Ruggedness in the terrain to be traversed and the absence of suitable existing alternative means of transportation favor pipelines.  5. The possibility for advantageously locating a major part of the mineral processing plant after size reduction at a point far removed from the ore body also makes for optimum practicability of solids pipelines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19671</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HYDRAULIC HOISTING OF COAL AND ORES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/19672</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although it has often proved profitable for horizontal or gently sloping installations, the principle of hydraulic transportation has rarely been applied to the hoisting of materials to any significant height.  Investigations, and the design of several projects, including the Saint Etienne installation in France, have shown that the hydraulic hoisting of solids is not only feasible but, owing in part at least to the fact that it is a continuous process, it can offer a number of attractive features such as:  1. Small shaft space requirements.  Example: 9000 tons of coal can be hoisted daily through a 16-in. pipe.  2. Low investment costs.  Example: $1 per ton-hour-foot for a typical installation for coal and less for denser materials.  3. Low operating costs resulting from a good power efficiency. Example: 15 cents per ton-mile of hoisting.  4. Ease in combining hoisting with horizontal transport.  The materials take an even distribution within the cross-sectional area of the pipe and the velocity distribution appears to be about the same as for clear water.  The apparent absence of friction between the particles and the pipe wall was confirmed by velocity and concentration curves obtained during systematic tests.  The amount of energy dissipation associated with the transportation of materials in a vertical pipe can therefore be anticipated to be small.  The process appears to be inherently economical and is explained in greater detail in the article.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 15 Jul 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/19672</guid>
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