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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>A Neural Network Based Heading and Position Control System of a Ship</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1939803</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Heading and position control system of ships has remained a challenging control problem. It is a nonlinear multiple input multiple output system. Moreover, the dynamics of the system vary with operating as well as environmental conditions. Conventionally, simple Proportional Integral Derivative controller is used which has well known limitations. Other conventional control techniques have also been investigated but they require an accurate mathematical model of a ship. Unfortunately, accuracy of mathematical models is very difficult to achieve. During the past few decades computational intelligence techniques such as artificial neural networks have been very successful when an accurate mathematical model is not available. Therefore, in this paper, an artificial neural network controller is proposed for heading and position control system. For simulation purposes, a mathematical model with four effective thrusters has been chosen to test the performance of the proposed controller. The final closed loop system has been analysed and tested through simulation studies. The results are very encouraging.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Apr 2022 13:06:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1939803</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accident Analysis and Identification of Black Spots on the Motorways in Pakistan - A Reliability Analysis Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882986</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this study is to explore the contributory factors responsible for road accidents and identify the black spots on the three motorways: M1 (Peshawar-Islamabad), M2 (Islamabad-Lahore), and M3 (Pindi Bhattian-Faisalabad) in Pakistan. Five years of road accident data were obtained from the National Highways and Motorway Police (NHMP), Pakistan. The database of this study included six hundred road accidents on a total of 574 kilometers-long routes of M1, M2 and M3. The reliability analysis approach was used to locate black spot locations on each motorway. For the visualization and mapping of black spots on each motorway, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used. The results explored that vehicle condition was the significant contributory factor responsible for the maximum number of road accidents on M1 and M3, while for M2, it was drowsy driving. It was also found  that a maximum number of road accidents on M2 and M3 occurred in late-night, while for M1, it was daytime. Furthermore, road accidents were relatively higher in May-July and December on M1 and M2, which shows that extreme weather influences the occurrence of road accidents. On the contrary, no substantial variation of road accidents was seen for M3 month-wise. Finally, black spots on each motorway were located and their geo-referenced coordinates were presented for future use. As a result, precautionary measures and provisions are suggested for concerned authorities to mitigate road safety problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Oct 2021 19:44:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882986</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Model Based Indirect Conicity Estimation Technique for Solid Axle Railway Wheelset</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882987</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Conicity is an important characteristic that helps the railway vehicle to steer itself down the track. However, during the operation, the conicity tends to change inconsistently due to frictional contact at the wheel-rail interface. Safety, reliability and ride comfort which are of utmost importance for journey are adversely affected due to the changes in conicity level beyond certain limit. Several techniques have been employed for monitoring the health of the railway wheelset; however, still a significant potential exists to investigate the wheelset conicity. This paper presents a model based technique to monitor the wheelset condition which contributes to the wheel flats due to decrease in conicity level and the problem of false flanges due to increased level of conicity. In this paper an unconstrained solid axle railway wheelset is considered for study. The dynamic behavior of the wheelset is analyzed at different conicity levels to understand the effect of the conicity on the  wheelset. In order to demonstrate the potential of this research work a simulation model is developed in Matlab/Simulink to mimic the behavior of an actual wheelset. Simplified linearized model of the wheelset is used to estimate the dynamics of the wheelset. From the simulation results it is evident that the frequency of vibration is changing with the changes in conicity level. In this way using the proposed method the conicity level is indirectly identified. The results produced by simulation model are satisfactory.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Oct 2021 19:44:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1882987</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Incorporating MNL Model into Random Forest for Travel Mode Detection</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mode choice models have been used widely to forecast the relative probabilities of using available travel modes. These depend on mode-related and traveler-related characteristics. On the other hand, smartphones are increasingly being used to collect sensors’ data relating to trips made after selection of a suitable mode. Such sensors’ data may be correlated with the decision-making process of travelers regarding travel mode selection. Discrete Choice Modelling is used to simulate this decision-making process by computing utilities of various travel alternatives, and then calculating their respective probabilities of being selected. In this paper, multinomial logit (MNL) mode choice model is utilized to enhance the prediction capacity of supervised learning algorithm, i.e., Weighted Random Forest. To make the procedure less energy-intensive, Global Positioning System (GPS) data were used only to locate the origin and destination of any trip to be incorporated in the mode choice model. Afterwards only accelerometer data were utilized in feature selection for the learning algorithm. One tenth of the classified data was used to train the algorithm whereas the rest was used to test it. Results suggested that with incorporation of MNL, the overall prediction accuracy of the learning algorithm was increased from 93.75% to 99.08%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 17:24:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Investigations of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fuelled with Transesterified-Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel Blend</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Jatropha-curcas biodiesel has recently been considered as one of the potential renewable energy sources in Asia. This biodiesel is produced through the transesterification process of the non-edible oil obtained from Jatropha-curcas. The properties of this biodiesel are quite similar to those of diesel fuel. However, high viscosity of pure Jatropha-curcas biodiesel adversely affects engine performance. Hence, the percentage of Jatropha-curcas biodiesel that will not cause any adverse effect on the engine must be determined. In this context, this paper experimentally investigates the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine fuelled with 25%, 50% and 100% volume basis Jatropha-curcas biodiesel with diesel. Results showed that the Jatropha-curcas biodiesel and its blends demonstrated lower values for brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emission levels than diesel, but not for nitrogen oxide levels and brake specific fuel consumption. It was observed that the blend containing 25% Jatropha-curcas biodiesel (BD25) was the best alternative for diesel fuel based on engine emissions and overall performance. Therefore, BD25 could be considered a potential alternative fuel for compression ignition engines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 17:24:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868988</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Motorization and Under-Reported Road Accidents: Spatial Evidence from Pakistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Considering the importance of road safety, as discussed in the agenda of World Health Organization-2030, this study examines motorization and under-reporting of road accidents in Punjab, Pakistan. The objectives of the study are selected as: 1) identifying the motorization in Punjab; 2) synthesizing the vehicles' dominance by preparing spatial maps on the basis of their types; and 3) identifying the evidence of under-reporting of road accidents. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of different vehicles were estimated, and spatial maps were generated using ArcGIS to demonstrate the spatial distribution of vehicles' CAGR. Results indicated the potential impact of geographical locations on the CAGR of vehicles. The CAGR of registered vehicles was recorded as: 2.73% to 9.93% for Cars; 12.63% to 18.94% for Motorcycles; 9.35% to 24.1% for Rickshaws; 0.74% to 7.29% for Trucks; and 5.25% to 14.42% for Vans. On the other hand, the CAGR of road length varied from 0.35% to 12.03%, which illustrated the alarming situation of increased motorization. Sluggish infrastructure development and the huge recorded difference in CAGR can be categorized as the possible causes of the immense number of road accidents. By comparing reported road accidents with Punjab Emergency Service (PES) estimations, the average rate of annual under-reported road accidents was found as 62.6%, which also showed variations according to different administrative regions of the Punjab province. Study findings suggest that the development of effective transportation policy, focusing on road safety, may help Pakistan to curtail road accidents and induce the free-flow of traffic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 17:24:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868989</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forecasting Machine Failure Using DMG and Weibull Analysis in an Automotive Industry: A Case Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In manufacturing or production setup, maintenance cost is one of the major portions of overall operating expenditure. It can vary between 15 to 60 percentage of overall cost for various industries including food related industries, iron, steel and other heavy industries. Such a high cost directly impacts manufacturing setup, profitability and sustainability in long run. In most of the industries, ineffective maintenance management can result in loss of capital and inefficient human resource deployment. This in turn affects the plants’ ability to manufacture quality products that are competitive in the market. Various maintenance management strategies including Operate to Failure (OTF), Design Out Maintenance (DOM), Skill Level Upgrade (SLU), Condition Based Monitoring (CBM) and Fixed Time Maintenance (FTM) are used in industries for maximizing productivity. In recent years, Computerized Maintenance Management System (CMMS) has become an integral part of most of the industries so its importance and characteristics cannot be understated. While CMMS cannot live standalone, it requires some decision-making techniques to be equipped with. These techniques range from Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) to Decision Making Grid (DMG). In this paper, concept of DMG has been applied to an automotive parts Manufacturing Industry in conjunction with Weibull analysis. Parallels are drawn between the results of DMG and Weibull analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 10 Aug 2021 17:24:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1868992</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Hybrid H∞ Control Based ILC Design Approach for Trajectory Tracking of a Twin Rotor Aerodynamic System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1849052</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the trajectory tracking problem for a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) Twin Rotor Aerodynamic System (TRAS) using a hybrid architecture based on an H∞ controller and Iterative Learning Control (ILC). TRAS is a fast, nonlinear coupled system and therefore it is a challenging task to design a control system that ensures the tracking for fast changing trajectories. The controllers proposed in the literature for the TRAS through linear approaches tend to have a large control effort, while the ones designed using the nonlinear approaches track only for smooth input trajectories. Both issues are important from control point of view. In this paper, these issues are addressed by designing a feedback H∞ control that stabilizes the system and a feedforward ILC which reduces the control effort. The H∞ controller achieves the tracking for input trajectories with sharp edges, but the control effort required for tracking is large. With the proposed hybrid approach, tracking is achieved by the H∞ controller whereas the required control effort is reduced in each subsequent iteration by ILC. After a few iterations, accurate tracking at a minimized control effort is achieved. The simulations have been performed using MATLAB software and the controller designed through the proposed approach has been validated on nonlinear model of the system. The results of the proposed technique, compared with the flatness-based and back-stepping control strategies, show that the proposed controller ensures accurate tracking at the reduced control effort.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2021 11:36:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1849052</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Signal Based Indirect Wheel Profile Estimation Technique for Solid Axle Railway Wheelset</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1849053</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wheel profile is a very important factor that helps the steering performance of the railway vehicle. However, during  the  operation,  the  wheel  profile  tends  to  vary  inconsistently  due  to  frictional  contact  at  wheel-rail interface.  This  paper  focuses  on  the  problem  of  railway  wheelset  profile  and  its  alteration  that  affects  the performance  of  railway  vehicle.  Signal-based  indirect  estimation  technique  using  Fast  Fourier  Transform (FFT)  is  proposed  to  establish  a  relationship  between  dynamic  response  of  vehicle  and  wheel  profile.  It  is observed that changes in wheel profile has direct impact on the frequency of lateral dynamics. The effect of vehicle speed is also analyzed on the yaw and lateral motions of the wheelset. The effectiveness of the proposed technique in determining the relationship between the frequency of the oscillation and conicity level of the solid axle railway wheelset is demonstrated by developing simulation model in MATLAB and Simulink.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Apr 2021 11:36:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1849053</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Review of Automatic Travel Mode Detection Methods</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757049</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Household trip data are of crucial importance for managing present transportation infrastructure as well as to plan and design future facilities. The data also provide the basis for designing new policies, implemented under Transportation Demand Management, and assessing their effectiveness. With passage of time, methods used for household trip data collection have evolved, starting from the conventional face-to-face interviews or paper-and-pencil interviews, moving on to mail-back surveys and internet-based surveys, before finally reaching to the recent approach of passive data gathering. Recording travel data automatically will require the use of modern technology present in the form of various sensors, and employing intelligent algorithms to infer the required information from these sensors’ data. These sensors can be integrated into a purpose-built device or more recently can be present in smartphones. The current study provides a comprehensive review of the research done in the field of travel mode detection from data passively collected with the help of various devices. The review starts from Global Positioning System (GPS) loggers and moves to cover purpose-built wearable devices  containing additional sensors and finally ending with the most modern approach of incorporating smartphones. The summary tables presented in this study are of great value to the researchers trying to get insight into this research field.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2020 16:53:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757049</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Study of Inclined Bridge Pier Scouring</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757050</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The bridges are one of important structures in any country. The failure of bridges occurs due to many factors, including design flaws and manufacturing construction errors. Among all imperfections scouring around the pier is the most detrimental. So, the estimation of local scouring around a bridge pier is of fundamental importance for the safe design of bridges. Although numerous researches have been done on local scouring around a single bridge pier, the present study investigates the effect of angle of inclination of dual bridge pier configuration on local scouring around bridge piers. Principally, rectangular shaped dual bridge piers were installed in sand bed of laboratory flume at angle of inclination of 0°, 7°, 12°, 15° and 19° with vertical, respectively. Three different flow rates, 9, 14 and 18L/sec, were considered during each trial. The duration of each trial was kept around 2 hours. The scour depth was measured separately around both piers with the help of point gauge under clear water condition. The value of scour depth around upstream pier was larger as compared to downstream pier because of the lower strength of horseshoe vortices around downstream pier. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that there is an inverse relationship between the angle of inclination and scour depth, an increase in the angle of inclination leads to decrease in scour depth around both piers. The value of scour depth was maximum when piers were at 0° and minimum at 19°. It was also found that scour depth increases with the increase in flow rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2020 16:53:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1757050</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Identification of Causes and Minimization of Delays in Highway Projects of Pakistan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746736</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The problem of delay in construction industry is a regular phenomenon worldwide, and construction industry of Pakistan has no exception, particularly in highways projects. Delay can be described as the extension of time to complete the construction project. The aim of this paper is to identify main causes of delays in highway projects of Pakistan, and to determine mitigating measures for the identified causes. The research method of this study is based on literature review, questionnaire survey and semi structured interview. From in-depth literature review, twenty-six common causes of delay were found. A questionnaire survey was carried out among construction professionals of highway projects. The causes of delay in highways projects were ranked referring to their Mean values. A semi structured interview was carried out to determine mitigation measures for the top ten causes of delays. The data gathered from questionnaire survey was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), while data collected through semi structured interviews was analyzed using Nvivo software. The findings of this study are expected to be useful for construction parties, to mitigate the delays in highway construction projects of Pakistan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Nov 2020 17:00:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746736</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Simulation Studies Relating to Rudder Roll Stabilization of a Container Ship Using Neural Networks</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746737</link>
      <description><![CDATA[RRS (Rudder Roll Stabilization) of Ships is a difficult problem because of its associated non-linear dynamics, coupling effects and complex control requirements. This paper proposes a solution of this stabilization problem that is based on an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) controller. The controller has been trained using supervised learning. The simulation studies have been carried out using MATLAB and a non-linear model of a container ship. It has been demonstrated that the proposed controller regulates heading and also controls roll angle very successfully.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 01 Nov 2020 17:00:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1746737</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis and Design of Box Girder and T-Beam Bridge Superstructure - A Comparative Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1728215</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Bridges are the most important component of the transportation system of any country due to their ability of accelerating the development of the nation. Design of the bridge highly depends on its function, nature of soil strata where it is constructed and the material used to construct it. Extensive growth of population and traffic leads to many changes in the use and development of different types of bridges. Box and T-beam girders are the most commonly used superstructure in the case of bridges. In this research work, analysis and design of box and T-beam girder has been performed using SAP2000 in order to find out the most suitable type of bridge superstructure. The main objective of this study is to compare the structural behavior, optimization of materials used in each component and cost comparison of box and T-beam girder bridges. Previous research in this regard is based upon working stress method but this research follows limit state design. Detailed comparison shows that the box girder is more suitable as compared to the T-beam girder even for shorter span in terms of structural stability and cost efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Aug 2020 14:43:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1728215</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Relationship between General Aviation Pilot Age and Accident Rate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1728214</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between the number of accidents and pilot’s age. The pilot considered for this study is General Aviation Pilot. Normal distribution of the accidents shows the mean pilot’s age <MEAN age> = 54.60 with S. Dage = 14.38. There is a non-linear relationship between pilot’s age and accident rate and there is a significant difference in accidents across the age intervals F(19, 234) = 9.3116, p < 0.0001. There is no statistical difference in the number of accidents between the interval 40-70  age group. Also, there is statistical difference in the number of accidents above and below 60-year age with respect to event severity and cause of accident (Wiki’s lemma= 0.36, F(26, 160) = 4.00, p < 0.0001). The follow up shows that the number of fatal and non-fatal accidents were statistically different for both above F(2, 92) = 4.58, p < 0.0127 and for below F(2, 129) = 7.2, p < 0.0011 while the number of accidents with respect to its causes above 60 are not statistically different but there is statistical difference (F = (5, 126) = 8.74, p < 0.0001) in the number of accidents caused by pilot and caused by technical fault or weather/wind in the age group below 60.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Aug 2020 14:43:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1728214</guid>
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