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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Pedestrian and Overall Road Traffic Crash Deaths - United States and 27 Other High-Income Countries, 2013-2022</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2533768</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road traffic deaths are preventable but remain a major public health problem. Crashes cause more than 40,000 deaths annually in the United States, and traffic-related pedestrian deaths have increased rapidly. To examine change in pedestrian and overall traffic death rates (deaths per 100,000 population) within an international context, CDC analyzed 2013-2022 data from the United States and 27 other high-income countries in the International Road Traffic and Accident Database, as well as early 2023 U.S. estimates. Between 2013 and 2022, U.S. pedestrian death rates increased 50% (from 1.55 to 2.33 per 100,000 population), while other countries generally experienced decreases (median decrease = 24.7%). During this period, overall U.S. traffic death rates increased 22.5% (from 10.41 to 12.76), but decreased by a median of 19.4% in 27 other high-income countries. Among all countries examined, the United States had the highest pedestrian death rates overall and among persons aged 15-24 and 25-64 years. Projected 2023 U.S. estimates suggest a potential decline in pedestrian (2%) and overall traffic (4%) deaths, compared with those in 2022. Accelerated adoption of a Safe System approach, focused on creating safer roadways and vehicles, establishing safer speeds, supporting safer road users, and improving post-crash care, can help reduce U.S. pedestrian and overall traffic deaths.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 18 Feb 2026 13:22:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Emergency Department Visits for Pedestrians Injured in Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes - United States, January 2021-December 2023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381612</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic-related pedestrian deaths in the United States reached a 40-year high in 2021. Each year, pedestrians also suffer nonfatal traffic-related injuries requiring medical treatment. Near real-time emergency department visit data from CDC's National Syndromic Surveillance Program during January 2021-December 2023 indicated that among approximately 301 million visits identified, 137,325 involved a pedestrian injury (overall visit proportion = 45.62 per 100,000 visits). The proportions of visits for pedestrian injury were 1.53-2.47 times as high among six racial and ethnic minority groups as that among non-Hispanic White persons. Compared with persons aged >=65 years, proportions among those aged 15-24 and 25-34 years were 2.83 and 2.61 times as high, respectively. The visit proportion was 1.93 times as high among males as among females, and 1.21 times as high during September-November as during June-August. Timely pedestrian injury data can help collaborating federal, state, and local partners rapidly monitor trends, identify disparities, and implement strategies supporting the Safe System approach, a framework for preventing traffic injuries among all road users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Jun 2024 14:16:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381612</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>COVID-19 Outbreaks and Mortality Among Public Transportation Workers — California, January 2020–May 2022</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2014830</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The California Department of Public Health (CDPH) calculated public transportation industry–specific COVID-19 outbreak incidence during January 2020–May 2022 and analyzed all laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 deaths among working-age adults in California to calculate public transportation industry–specific mortality rates during the same period. Overall, 340 confirmed COVID-19 outbreaks, 5,641 outbreak-associated cases, and 537 COVID-19–associated deaths were identified among California public transportation industries. Outbreak incidence was 5.2 times as high (129.1 outbreaks per 1,000 establishments) in the bus and urban transit industry and 3.6 times as high in the air transportation industry (87.7) as in all California industries combined (24.7). Mortality rates were 2.1 times as high (237.4 deaths per 100,000 workers) in transportation support services and 1.8 times as high (211.5) in the bus and urban transit industry as in all industries combined (114.4). Workers in public transportation industries are at higher risk for COVID-19 workplace outbreaks and mortality than the general worker population in California and should be prioritized for COVID-19 prevention strategies, including vaccination and enhanced workplace protection measures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Aug 2022 11:17:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2014830</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Age-adjusted death rates for motor vehicle traffic injury - United States, 2019</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1940037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2019, the death rate in the United States for motor vehicle traffic injury was 11.1 per 100,000 standard population. The four states with the highest age-adjusted death rates were Mississippi (24.2), Alabama (19.8), New Mexico (19.1), and South Carolina (18.9). The four jurisdictions with the lowest age-adjusted death rates were Rhode Island (6.1), District of Columbia (6.1), New York (5.1), and Massachusetts (4.9). Source: National Vital Statistics System, Mortality, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/deaths.htm Age-adjusted death rates (deaths per 100,000 standard population) were calculated using the direct method and the 2000 U.S. standard population. The 2019 U.S. rate was 11.1. Motor vehicle traffic injuries are identified with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes V02-V04[.1,.9], V09.2, V12-V14[.3-.9], V19[.4-.6], V20-V28[.3-.9], V29-V79[.4-.9], V80[.3-.5], V81.1, V82.1, V83-V86[.0-.3], V87[.0-.8], and V89.2. Decedents included motor vehicle occupants, motorcyclists, pedal cyclists, and pedestrians.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jun 2022 13:14:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1940037</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Emergency department visits and hospitalizations for selected nonfatal injuries among adults aged = 65 years - United States, 2018</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1958038</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Approximately 60,000 older adults (aged =65 years) die from unintentional injuries each year; in 2019 these included 34,000 fall deaths, 8,000 traffic-related motor vehicle crash deaths, and 3,000 drug poisoning deaths (1). In addition, >9,000 suicide deaths occur among older adults each year. Deaths among older adults account for 33% of these unintentional injury deaths and 19% of suicide deaths among all age groups. Nonfatal injuries from these causes are more common in this age group and can lead to long-term health consequences, such as brain injury and loss of independence. This study included 2018 data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) to determine the prevalence of selected nonfatal injuries among older adults treated in emergency departments (EDs) and hospitals. Injury mechanisms among the leading causes of injury death in older adults were studied, including unintentional falls, unintentional traffic-related motor vehicle crashes, unintentional opioid overdoses, and self-harm (suicidal and non-suicidal by any mechanism). In 2018, an estimated 2.4 million ED visits and >700,000 hospitalizations from these injuries occurred among adults aged =65 years. Unintentional falls accounted for >90% of the selected ED visits and hospitalizations. Injuries among older adults can be prevented. Educational campaigns, such as CDC's Still Going Strong* awareness campaign, that use positive messages can encourage older adults to take steps to prevent injuries. Health care providers can help prevent injuries by recommending that older patients participate in effective interventions, including referrals to physical therapy and deprescribing certain medications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jun 2022 13:14:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1958038</guid>
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      <title>Emergency department visit rates* for motor vehicle crashes,(†) by age group - United States, 2018(§)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899548</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2018, the U.S. emergency department (ED) visit rate for motor vehicle crashes was 10.5 visits per 1,000 persons. The ED visit rate for motor vehicle crashes among persons aged 0-14 years was 7.1 ED visits per 1,000 persons. The visit rate for motor vehicle crashes was highest for persons aged 15-24 years (18.6) and declined with age to 11.7 for those aged 25-64 years and to 4.2 for those aged =65 years. Source: National Center for Health Statistics. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ahcd/ahcd_questionnaires.htm. * Visit rates are based on the July 1, 2018, set of estimates of the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population as developed by the U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. 95% confidence intervals indicated with error bars. † Motor vehicle crashes defined as a visit with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes: [V02-V04] (with fourth character = 1, 9), V09.2, V09.3, [V12-V14, V20-V28] (with fourth character = 3, 4, 5, 9), V19.4-V19.6, V19.9, V29.4-V29.9, [V30-V79] (with fourth character = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), [V83-V86] (with fourth character = 0, 1, 2, 3), V80.3-V80.5, V81.1, V82.1, V87.0-V87.8, V89.2, X81.0, X82, Y02.0, Y03, Y32. Injured persons included motor vehicle occupants, motorcyclists, pedal cyclists, and pedestrians. § Based on a sample of visits to emergency departments in noninstitutional general and short-stay hospitals, exclusive of federal, military, and Veterans Administration hospitals, located in the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Feb 2022 14:24:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1899548</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Death rates for motor-vehicle-traffic injuries, suicide, and homicide among adolescents and young adults aged 15-24 years - United States, 1999 - 2019</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1905576</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mortality rates for adolescents and young adults aged 15-24 years for deaths from motor-vehicle-traffic injury, suicide, and homicide remained relatively stable during 1999-2006 and then exhibited different patterns through 2019. In 1999, the rate for motor-vehicle-traffic deaths was 25.6 per 100,000 population and declined to 13.7 in 2019. The suicide rate was 10.1 in 1999 and increased to 14.5 in 2018 before declining to 13.9 in 2019. The homicide rate was 12.9 in 1999 and declined to 9.5 in 2014 before increasing to 11.2 in 2019. In 2019, the death rates for motor-vehicle-traffic injury and suicide were similar; both rates were higher than the homicide rate. Source: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, Mortality Data, 2009-2019. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/deaths.htm Rates are per 100,000 population aged 15-24 years. Deaths from motor-vehicle-traffic injuries are identified with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) codes V02-V04[.1-.9], V09.2, V12-V14[.3-.9], V19[.4-.6], V20-V28[.3-.9], V29-V79[.4-.9], V80[.3-.5], V81.1, V82.1, V83-V86[.0-.3], V87[.0-.8], V89.2. All motor-vehicle-traffic injuries are unintended. Suicides are identified with ICD-10 codes U03, X60-X84, and Y87.0, and homicides with codes U01-U02, X85-Y09, and Y87.1.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Feb 2022 14:24:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1905576</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hurricane evacuation laws in eight southern U.S. coastal states - December 2018</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1888994</link>
      <description><![CDATA[National Preparedness month is observed every September as a public service reminder of the importance of personal and community preparedness for all events; it coincides with the peak of the hurricane season in the United States. Severe storms and hurricanes can have long-lasting effects at all community levels. Persons who are prepared and well-informed are often better able to protect themselves and others (1). Major hurricanes can devastate low-lying coastal areas and cause injury and loss of life from storm surge, flooding, and high winds (2). State and local government entities play a significant role in preparing communities for hurricanes and by evacuating coastal communities before landfall to reduce loss of life from flooding, wind, and power outages (3). Laws can further improve planning and outreach for catastrophic events by ensuring explicit statutory authority over evacuations of communities at risk (4). State evacuation laws vary widely and might not adequately address information and communication flows to reach populations living in disaster-prone areas who are at risk. To understand the range of evacuation laws in coastal communities that historically have been affected by hurricanes, a systematic policy scan of the existing laws supporting hurricane evacuation in eight southern coastal states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Texas) was conducted. After conducting a thematic analysis, this report found that all eight states have laws to execute evacuation orders, traffic control (egress/ingress), and evacuation to shelters. However, only four of the states have laws related to community outreach, delivery of public education programs, and public notice requirements. The findings in this report suggest a need for authorities in hurricane-prone states to review how to execute evacuation policies, particularly with respect to community outreach and communication to populations at risk. Implementation of state evacuation laws and policies that support hurricane evacuation management can help affected persons avoid harm and enhance community resiliency (5). Newly emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have and will continue to additionally challenge hurricane evacuations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Dec 2021 09:33:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1888994</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Quickstats: Age-adjusted pedestrian death rates, by race/ethnicity - National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2009 and 2018</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1888993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The age-adjusted pedestrian death rate increased from 1.7 per 100,000 in 2009 to 2.2 in 2018. This increase was seen in each racial/ethnic group: from 1.4 to 1.8 per 100,000 for non-Hispanic White persons, from 2.5 to 3.6 for non-Hispanic Black persons, and from 2.4 to 2.9 for persons of Hispanic origin. In both 2009 and 2018, non-Hispanic White persons had the lowest death rate; in 2018, the rate was highest for non-Hispanic Black persons. Sources: National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System, mortality data, 2009 and 2018; CDC WONDER online database. https://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10.html.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Dec 2021 09:33:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1888993</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Laboratory Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Reduction Through Physically Distanced Seating in Aircraft Cabins Using Bacteriophage Aerosol — November 2020</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1846623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aircraft can hold large numbers of persons in close proximity for long periods, which are conditions that can increase the risk for transmitting infectious diseases. The study consisted of three components. The first involved analysis of data on virus aerosol dispersion in aircraft cabin mock-ups from a previous study conducted at KSU during July–August 2017 as part of a pandemic influenza research initiative. Next, these data were used to create a regression model to estimate the reduction in aerosol concentration as distance from a source increased. Finally, these regression models were applied to conceptual aircraft seating scenarios to simulate the reduction in exposure resulting from vacant middle seats in an aircraft cabin. Based on laboratory modeling of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on single-aisle and twin-aisle aircraft, exposures in scenarios in which the middle seat was vacant were reduced by 23% to 57%, compared with full aircraft occupancy, depending upon the model. Physical distancing of airplane passengers, including through policies such as middle seat vacancy, could provide additional reductions in risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 on aircraft.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 May 2021 11:18:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1846623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Public Health Responses to COVID-19 Outbreaks on Cruise Ships - Worldwide, February-March 2020</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1702532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An estimated 30 million passengers are transported on 272 cruise ships worldwide each year. Cruise ships bring diverse populations into proximity for many days, facilitating transmission of respiratory illness. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has since spread worldwide to at least 187 countries and territories. Widespread COVID-19 transmission on cruise ships has been reported as well. Passengers on certain cruise ship voyages might be aged >=65 years, which places them at greater risk for severe consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. During February-March 2020, COVID-19 outbreaks associated with three cruise ship voyages have caused more than 800 laboratory-confirmed cases among passengers and crew, including 10 deaths. Transmission occurred across multiple voyages of several ships. This report describes public health responses to COVID-19 outbreaks on these ships. COVID-19 on cruise ships poses a risk for rapid spread of disease, causing outbreaks in a vulnerable population, and aggressive efforts are required to contain spread. All persons should defer all cruise travel worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2020 09:07:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1702532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rural-Urban Differences in Cannabis Detected in Driving Under the Influence of Marijuana and Illicit Drugs Among Persons Aged ≥16 Years — United States, 2018</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686352</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use and co-use of alcohol and drugs has been associated with impairment of psychomotor and cognitive functions while driving. This report provides the most recent national estimates of self-reported driving under the influence of marijuana and illicit drugs among persons aged ≥16 years, using 2018 public-use data from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Prevalence of driving under the influence of marijuana and illicit drugs other than marijuana was assessed for persons aged ≥16 years by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity. During 2018, approximately 12 million (4.7%) U.S. residents aged ≥16 years reported driving under the influence of marijuana, and 2.3 million (0.9%) reported driving under the influence of illicit drugs other than marijuana during the past 12 months.  Driving under the influence was more prevalent among males and among persons aged 16–34 years. The prevalence of driving under the influence of marijuana ranged from 0.6% among persons aged ≥65 years to 12.4% among persons aged 21–25 years; the second highest prevalence (9.2%) was reported among persons aged 16–20 years. The authors conclude that the development, evaluation, and further implementation of strategies to prevent alcohol-, drug-, and polysubstance-impaired driving coupled with standardized testing of impaired drivers and drivers involved in fatal crashes could advance understanding of drug- and polysubstance-impaired driving and assist states and communities with prevention efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Apr 2020 09:36:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1686352</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Restraint Use and Motor Vehicle Occupant Death Rates Among Children Aged 0–12 Years — United States, 2002–2011</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424043</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death among children in the United States. Age- and size-appropriate child restraint use is the most effective method for reducing these deaths. CDC analyzed 2002–2011 data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System to determine the number and rate of motor-vehicle occupant deaths, and the proportion of unrestrained child deaths among children aged <1 year, 1–3 years , 4–7 years, 8–12 years, and for all children aged 0–12 years. Age group–specific death rates and proportions of unrestrained child motor vehicle deaths for 2009–2010 were further stratified by race/ethnicity. Motor vehicle occupant death rates for children declined significantly from 2002 to 2011. However, one third (33%) of children who died in 2011 were unrestrained. Compared with white children for 2009–2010, black children had significantly higher death rates, and black and Hispanic children both had significantly higher proportions of unrestrained child deaths. Motor vehicle occupant deaths among children in the United States have declined in the past decade, but more deaths could be prevented if restraints were always used. Effective interventions, including child passenger restraint laws (with child safety seat/booster seat coverage through at least age 8 years) and child safety seat distribution plus education programs, can increase restraint use and reduce child motor vehicle deaths.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2016 17:05:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424043</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Motor Vehicle Injury Prevention — United States and 19 Comparison Countries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Each year >32,000 deaths and 2 million nonfatal injuries occur on U.S. roads. CDC analyzed 2000 and 2013 data compiled by the World Health Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to determine the number and rate of motor vehicle crash deaths in the United States and 19 other high-income OECD countries and analyzed estimated seat belt use and the percentage of deaths that involved alcohol-impaired driving or speeding, by country. In 2013, the United States motor vehicle crash death rate of 10.3 per 100,000 population had decreased 31% from the rate in 2000; among the 19 comparison countries, the rate had declined an average of 56% during this time. Among all 20 countries, the United States had the highest rate of crash deaths per 100,000 population (10.3); the highest rate of crash deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles (1.24), and the fifth highest rate of motor vehicle crash deaths per 100 million vehicle miles traveled (1.10). Among countries for which information on national seat belt use was available, the United States ranked 18th out of 20 for front seat use, and 13th out of 18 for rear seat use. Among 19 countries, the United States reported the second highest percentage of motor vehicle crash deaths involving alcohol-impaired driving (31%), and among 15, had the eighth highest percentage of crash deaths that involved speeding (29%). Motor vehicle injuries are predictable and preventable. Lower death rates in other high-income countries, as well as a high prevalence of risk factors in the United States, suggest that the United States can make more progress in reducing crash deaths. With a projected increase in U.S. crash deaths in 2015, the time is right to reassess U.S. progress and set new goals. By implementing effective strategies, including those that increase seat belt use and reduce alcohol-impaired driving and speeding, the United States can prevent thousands of motor vehicle crash-related injuries and deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars in direct medical costs every year.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2016 17:05:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424042</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Graduated Driver Licensing Night Driving Restrictions and Drivers Aged 16 or 17 Years Involved in Fatal Night Crashes — United States, 2009–2014</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1420929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents data on fatal night crashes that involve drivers aged 16 or 17 years; the authors also explore the role of graduated driver licensing (GDL) systems.  Fatal crash risk is higher at night for all drivers, but especially for young, inexperienced drivers. To help address the increased crash risk for beginner teen drivers, 49 states and the District of Columbia include a night driving restriction (NDR) in their Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) system. However, in 23 states and the District of Columbia, NDRs begin at 12:00 a.m. or later, times when most teen drivers subject to GDL are not driving.  For this report, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) analyzed 2009–2014 national and state-level data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) to determine the proportion of drivers aged 16 or 17 years involved in fatal crashes who crashed at night (9:00 p.m.–5:59 a.m.) and the proportion of these drivers who crashed before 12:00 a.m. Nationwide, among 6,104 drivers aged 16 or 17 years involved in fatal crashes during 2009–2014, 1,865 (31%) were involved in night crashes. Among drivers involved in night crashes, 1,054 (57%) crashed before 12:00 a.m. Because nearly all of the night driving trips taken by drivers aged 16 or 17 years end before 12:00 a.m., NDRs beginning at 12:00 a.m. or later provide minimal protection. The authors recommend that States consider updating their NDR coverage to include earlier nighttime hours. This descriptive report summarizes the characteristics of NDRs, estimates the extent to which drivers aged 16 or 17 years drive at night, and describes their involvement in fatal nighttime crashes during 2009–2014. The effects of NDRs on crashes were not evaluated because of the small state-level sample sizes during the 6-year study period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Sep 2016 11:29:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1420929</guid>
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