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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Automated Vehicles as a Game Changer for Sustainable Mobility: Learnings and Solutions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579147</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This open access book explores a vision for a sustainable future in urban mobility through the AVENUE project, showcasing full-scale demonstrations of automated minibuses in European cities. AVENUE pioneers on-demand, door-to-door services, challenging traditional fixed bus itineraries. It delves into the implementation of automated vehicles, emphasizing safety, services, cybersecurity, and accessibility. Part two evaluates the economic, environmental, and social impacts on companies, citizens, and cities. By integrating automated vehicles into Mobility-as-a-Service and Intelligent Transport Systems, the book argues for the using of automated vehicles as game changer towards a transformative shift to sustainable, citizen-centric mobility. It advocates for efficiency, flexibility, and resilience of the transport system without imposing coercive transformation policies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Oct 2025 16:53:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579147</guid>
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      <title>Covid-19 infection risk on US domestic airlines</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2027109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Working with recent data and research findings, the authors estimate the probability that an air traveler in economy class would have contracted Covid-19 on a US domestic jet flight over the nine-month period June 2020 to February 2021. The estimates take account of the rates of confirmed Covid-19 infections in the US, flight duration, fraction of seats occupied, and some demographic differences between US air travelers and US citizens as a whole. Based on point estimates, the risk of contracting Covid-19 in-flight exceeded 1 in 1000 on a fully-loaded two-hour flight at the height of the pandemic over the nine months, but was about 1 in 6000 on a half-full flight when the pandemic was at a low ebb. However, these estimates are subject to substantial uncertainty, with the 10th percentiles of various risk distributions only about 1/7 as large as the medians, and the 90th percentiles about four times as large. Based on seat-occupancy levels on US flights for each month over June 2020 to February 2021, the median risk estimate for that period is 1 in 2250, while the mean risk estimate is 1 in 1450. Indirect effects arose because those who contracted Covid-19 on US airplanes could in turn infect others.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Mar 2023 09:22:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2027109</guid>
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      <title>A dynamic ambulance management model for rural areas : Computing redeployment actions for relevant performance measures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We study the Dynamic Ambulance Management (DAM) problem in which one tries to retain the ability to respond to possible future requests quickly when ambulances become busy. To this end, we need models for relocation actions for idle ambulances that incorporate different performance measures related to response times. We focus on rural regions with a limited number of ambulances. We model the region of interest as an equidistant graph and we take into account the current status of both the system and the ambulances in a state. We do not require ambulances to return to a base station: they are allowed to idle at any node. This brings forth a high degree of complexity of the state space. Therefore, we present a heuristic approach to compute redeployment actions. We construct several scenarios that may occur one time-step later and combine these scenarios with each feasible action to obtain a classification of actions. We show that on most performance indicators, the heuristic policy significantly outperforms the classical compliance table policy often used in practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Jun 2018 17:12:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1514060</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Dynamic ambulance dispatching: is the closest-idle policy always optimal?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We address the problem of ambulance dispatching, in which we must decide which ambulance to send to an incident in real time. In practice, it is commonly believed that the 'closest idle ambulance' rule is near-optimal and it is used throughout most literature. In this paper, we present alternatives to the classical closest idle ambulance rule. Most ambulance providers as well as researchers focus on minimizing the fraction of arrivals later than a certain threshold time, and we show that significant improvements can be obtained by our alternative policies. The first alternative is based on a Markov decision problem (MDP), that models more than just the number of idle vehicles, while remaining computationally tractable for reasonably-sized ambulance fleets. Second, we propose a heuristic for ambulance dispatching that can handle regions with large numbers of ambulances. Our main focus is on minimizing the fraction of arrivals later than a certain threshold time, but we show that with a small adaptation our MDP can also be used to minimize the average response time. We evaluate our policies by simulating a large emergency medical services region in the Netherlands. For this region, we show that our heuristic reduces the fraction of late arrivals by 18 % compared to the 'closest idle' benchmark policy. A drawback is that this heuristic increases the average response time (for this problem instance with 37 %). Therefore, we do not claim that our heuristic is practically preferable over the closest-idle method. However, our result sheds new light on the popular belief that the closest idle dispatch policy is near-optimal when minimizing the fraction of late arrivals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 May 2018 11:43:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1512069</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Handbook of Operations Research Applications at Railroads</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1371560</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The topics covered by the chapters in this publication have been specifically selected to give readers the complete spectrum of the role that Operations Research has played and can play in the improvement of North American freight railroads. Not only have the topics been specifi cally chosen to provide this spectrum, but the authors of the chapters are recognized award-winning scholars and practitioners with a deep knowledge and understanding of their specific topics. The chapters have been written in a diverse manner so that readers who are looking for an understanding of how decisions are made at railroads will find what they are looking for, as will readers who are looking for examples of mathematical programming formulations to complex problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2015 09:28:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1371560</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Green Transportation Logistics: The Quest for Win-Win Solutions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1371509</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book examines the state of the art in green transportation logistics from the perspective of balancing environmental performance in the transportation supply chain while also satisfying traditional economic performance criteria. Part of the book is drawn from the recently completed European Union project Super Green, a three-year project intended to promote the development of European freight corridors in an environmentally friendly manner. Additional chapters cover both the methodological base and the application context of green transportation logistics. Individual chapters look at the policy context; the basics of transportation emissions; Green Corridors basics; the concept of TEN-T (Trans-European Network); Benchmarking of green corridors; the potential role of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies); Green vehicle routing; Reducing maritime CO₂ emissions via market based measures and speed and route optimization; Sulphur emissions; Lifecycle emissions; Green rail transportation; Green air transportation; Green inland navigation and possible areas for further research. Throughout, the book pursues the goal of “win-win” solutions and analyzes the phenomenon of “push-down, pop-up”, wherein a change in one aspect of a problem can cause another troubling aspect to arise. For example, speed reduction in maritime transportation can reduce emissions and fuel costs, but could require additional ships and could raise in-transit inventory costs. Or, regulations to reduce sulphur emissions may ultimately increase CO₂ elsewhere in the supply chain. The book takes stock at the various tradeoffs that are at stake in the goal of greening the supply chain and looks at where balances can be struck.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 23 Oct 2015 09:28:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1371509</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Handbook of Ocean Container Transport Logistics: Making Global Supply Chains Effective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1353106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book is divided into three sections. The first section, Container Terminal Operation: Innovations, Trends, Competition and Business Models includes five chapters with the following titles - Innovative Container Terminals to Improve Global Container Transport Chains; Container Terminal Operation: Current Trends and Future Challenges; Container Port Competition in Europe; Container Port Competition and Competitiveness Analysis: Asian Major Ports; and Choosing a Business Model of Container Terminal Operations. The second section, Shipping Liners:Tactical and Operational Management includes seven chapters with the following titles - Empty Container Repositioning; Robust Optimization Approach to Empty Container Repositioning in Liner Shipping; Disruption Management for Liner Shipping; Bunker Purchasing in Liner Shipping; Ship Route Schedule Based Interactions Between Container Shipping Lines and Port Operators; Slow Steaming in Maritime Transportation: Fundamentals, Trade-offs, and Decision Models; and Efficient Global Container Transport Network Design. The third section, Shippers and Global Supply Chain Management includes six chapters with the following titles - Purchasing Transportation Services from Ocean Carriers; Ocean Transport and the Facilitation of Trade; Modelling Global Container Freight Transport Demand; Competition and Co-operation in Maritime Logistics Operations; Hinterland Transportation in Container Supply Chains; and Green Corridors and Their Possible Impact on the European Supply Chain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Jul 2015 15:56:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1353106</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Pro-active Dynamic Vehicle Routing: Real-Time Control and Request-Forecasting Approaches to Improve Customer Service</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1256273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This book focuses on the delivery of time-sensitive/perishable goods and pro-active steps that can be taken to improve delivery time, customer service, and vehicle diversions. It includes the development of a model for Real-time Distribution Of Perishable Goods (RDOPG) and explores the benefits of using stochastic knowledge of prior customer requests. Chapter topics include: vehicle routing and related problems, RDOPG applications, literature review, real-time control approach, generating and utlizing stochastic knowledge from past request information, and Tabu search solution methods.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Jul 2013 16:45:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1256273</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Combination Predicted Model of Short Term Traffic Flow</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813544</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper proposes a combination forecasting model for short-term traffic flow based on a wavelet neural network.  The model has three stages:  the relevant forecasting variable to the traffic flow is selected by use data mining technology (such as the genetic algorithm); a training pattern of wavelet neural network that is similar to the forecast term is carried out by using data mining technology; and the wavelet neural network is then used to forecast the traffic flow.  The authors used the traffic flow at Xinhua Street in Huhehot (China) to demonstrate that this model has a higher precision and reliability than the grey model and the BP artificial neural network model.  The authors conclude that this wavelet neural network-based model provides a new, reliable, and effective strategy to forecast short-term traffic flow of nodes in urban road networks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jul 2007 13:37:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813544</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Agent-Based Modeling: A Case Study in Urban Traffic Simulation System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Modeling, including physical models, mathematical models, and figural models, can be used to conduct research on different approaches to solve a particular problem.  However, traditional models treat the members of the system as ones without aims, preferences, and activities.  This paper uses a technique called agent-based modeling to simulate the urban traffic system.  Agent-based modeling pays more attention to the behavior and interaction of the individuals in the system.  The macroscopic characteristics of the system are the interactive result of all the individuals.  The author discusses the process of the modeling and then presents a prototype of a simulation system.  A reinforcement learning control method is tested on the prototype to verify the effectiveness of the agent-based modeling method.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jul 2007 13:37:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813542</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Bilevel Model and Solution Algorithm for Dynamic Transit Schedule Planning Problem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813546</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This conference paper describes a transit network by introducing the concepts of transit link and transit route as they relate to the characteristics of the transit network.  After this transit network representation is detailed, the authors present a bilevel programming model for the dynamic transit schedule planning problem.  In the bilevel model, the upper model is a normal optimal problems used to minimize the total dis-utility of the transit system and the cost caused by schedule setting.  The lower model is a transit dynamic user optimal (TDUO) assignment problem, which is used to describe the path alternative activities of transit users.  A heuristic solution algorithm based on chaotic method is designed for the bilevel model proposed in the paper.  Finally, the authors offer a simple numerical example to illustrate the application of the model and algorithm, then discuss their conclusions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jul 2007 13:37:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813546</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SIR Model Application of Cyclist Characteristic in Urban Mixed Traffic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813549</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This conference paper reports on a study that was conducted on cyclist behavior in urban mixed traffic to determine the behavioral characteristics involved.  The study focused on the cyclists' behavior in urban mixed traffic, including the average speeds, the cyclists' fuzzy clustering analysis in the roadway, and the behavioral characteristics of group-riding cyclists at the grade crossing.  Traffic data were collected by using video cameras placed on a wide, busy street.  The authors used the infectious disease dynamic model, to determine the threshold value which governs traffic jams and the average crossing time at the grade crossing.  The results can be used to characterize the performance of mixed traffic at signalized intersections and to provide a new way of controlling and managing the conflicts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jul 2007 13:37:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813549</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Road Traffic Safety Bottleneck Management System and Its Effectiveness Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813547</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This conference paper describes the development of a road traffic safety bottleneck management system that is based on the theory of constraint management.  This theory includes the general concepts of the idea of management and the process of management.  The authors then establish metrics to characterize the effectiveness of the system, based on lifecycle and bottlenecks.  The authors use the method of grey clustering to determine whether the road traffic safety bottleneck management system developed here can be used effectively in a real world setting.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jul 2007 13:37:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813547</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the Development Mechanism of China's Highway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/813548</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This conference paper reviews the development history of several main transportation infrastructures in China and the United States and presents a general rule of transport development.  The authors focus on the connection between highway development, economic growth, and transportation modes.  They base their work on the detailed research on China's data of transportation and economic development from the time that China began to reform and open up to the outside world through the end of 2005, using linear regression and polynomial regression to determine the relationship between highway and railway development.  They also consider how national GDP (gross domestic product) influences highway development.  They stress that environmental and institutional factors should also be considered when highway development mechanisms are studied.  The authors conclude by suggesting some improvements between highway transportation and socioeconomic development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jul 2007 13:37:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/813548</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VEHICLE SCHEDULING IN PUBLIC TRANSIT AND LAGRANGEAN PRICING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/501100</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper investigates the solution of the linear programming (LP) relaxation of the multi-commodity flow formulation of the multiple-depot vehicle scheduling problems arising in public mass transit. The author develops a column generation technique that makes it possible to solve the huge linear programs that come up there. The technique, which is called Lagrangean pricing, is based on two different Lagrangean relaxations. The author describes in detail the basic ingredients of his approach and gives computational results for large-scale test data (with up to 70 million variables) from three German public transportation companies. Because of these results, the author proposes Lagrangean pricing as one of the basic ingredients of an effective method to solve multiple-depot vehicle scheduling problems to proven optimality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 May 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/501100</guid>
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