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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>STUDY TRACKS INTERNAL-CORROSION TRENDS IN AGING GULF PIPELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/652235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports the findings of a comprehensive study of U.S. Gulf of Mexico (GOM) offshore oil and gas pipeline failures. This study used internal pipeline-failure statistics compiled from 30 years of pipeline-industry reporting to the U.S. Dept. of Interior Minerals Management Service (DOI/MMS). Leaks or ruptures must be reported whenever they involve property or environmental damage, bodily injury, or exposure to claims by others. The major conclusion of a review of the DOI/MMS data indicates that internal corrosion is increasingly threatening most aging oil and gas pipelines operating in the U.S. GOM. The article provides sections on the topics of the GOM offshore pipeline system, history of the development of federal regulations dealing with pipeline integrity, an explanation of the process of internal corrosion (IC), IC trends and mitigation, statistical analysis, leak frequency, and pipeline spills in the GOM and future risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 11 Apr 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/652235</guid>
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      <title>NEW TRANSMISSION-FACTOR FORMULA PROPOSED FOR GAS PIPELINES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/651072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes joint research involving 4 European natural gas transmission companies that has yielded a new transmission-factor formula as an alternative to the well-known Colebrook-White formula. Among other benefits, the very general formula has the potential to become widely accepted in giving a reliable theoretical foundation for pipeline planners and simulation tools. Several figures containing various data and equations are included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Mar 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/651072</guid>
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      <title>FUEL-CELL VEHICLES OFFER CLEAN AND SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY FOR THE FUTURE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/514655</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the search for alternative fuels, the fuel-cell car will likely be the vehicle of the future. Advanced internal combustion engine (ICE) and hybrid vehicles will serve as transitional vehicles until fuel-cell cars are widely accepted. This article concentrates on advanced ICE, hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles. The focus on alternative fuels initially arose from fear of depletion of oil reserves. Currently, the pressure for change comes from the desire for cleaner air and concern of possible climate change. Next generation vehicles must satisfy 3 factors to assure commercial success: technical feasibility, appropriate fueling infrastructure, and customer acceptance. Fuel-cell cars, powered by hydrogen gas generated by extraction from other fuel sources within the car itself, would be quiet, efficient, and an excellent option for the future, especially within towns and cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 07 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/514655</guid>
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      <title>LOWER COSTS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DRIVE FUTURE PIPELINE TECHNOLOGIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/514654</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Constructing oil and gas pipelines onshore and offshore in the 21st Century will reflect efforts currently underway; developing more cost-effective technologies while mitigating environmental impact during construction and operation. This article details the path that implementation of a typical pipeline project normally follows, from route selection to construction, operation, and maintenance for both onshore and offshore pipeline projects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 06 Jan 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/514654</guid>
    </item>
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      <title>OIL PIRACY POSES GROWING MENACE TO TANKER TRAFFIC IN SOUTH CHINA SEA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/511900</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the South China Sea there is an old yet still new threat to the shipping lanes. Piracy is making the shipment of gas and oil a treacherous undertaking.  In this year alone there have been over seventy armed attacks and boardings and millions of dollars lost to the black market.  The concerns of the international shipping community extend beyond the danger to crews and the loss of revenue.  After several attacks, with the crew disabled, the takers have been abandoned by the pirates and left to drift in shipping lanes and dangerously close to coastal areas.  The potential environmental damage caused by a spill or explosion is beyond calculating.  The International Maritime Bureau has issued global warnings about the threat of piracy and shippers and regional governments have proposed adding security forces aboard tankers in the region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 10 Nov 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/511900</guid>
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      <title>HERE'S A COMPLIANCE PRIMER FOR MEETING DOT'S NEW OQ RULE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/504862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) Research & Special Programs Administration (RSPA) will issue its Operator Qualification (OQ) Rule that will apply to all operators of natural gas and hazardous liquids pipelines in the U.S. This change may happen in the summer of 1999, and the industry estimates compliance costs will exceed $200 million/year. By January 1, 2000, each operator must develop a written OQ plan that describes how it will identify covered tasks, evaluate someone's qualifications to perform those tasks, communicate changes affecting a task, and re-evaluate qualifications under certain circumstances. By July 1, 2002, no person may perform a covered task on a pipeline unless he or she has been evaluated according to the operator's OQ plan and determined to be qualified.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Jul 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/504862</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INDUSTRY TACKLES OFFSHORE DECOMMISSIONING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475273</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report describes some unresolved issues as well as the lessons learned by the industry in decommissioning offshore oil and gas facilities. As abandonment of depleted fields proceeds in various countries, much fiscal legislation regarding abandonment remains to be written and tested in practice. Also, the industry as well as governments, continues to seek better and less-costly ways to resolve the often sensitive issues surrounding the abandonment process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475273</guid>
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      <title>OFFSHORE-PLATFORM DECOMMISSIONING PERCEPTIONS CHANGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475274</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The oil and gas industry has seen a change in the perceptions about decommissioning offshore facilities. Decommissioning, until recently, was a part of the industry that received little attention. It was a problem that most operators wished would just go away; there appeared to be no benefit to decommissioning. Planning, detailed engineering, research and development, or other project fundamentals were directed toward developing new fields. The current trends and concepts applicable to decommissioning can be summarized as: (1) Advanced planning; (2) Engineered solutions; (3) Research and development; (4) Reuse; (5) Expanded use of offshore reefs; and (6) Deepwater disposal. Planning the platform decommissioning ahead of time (at least 2 years before production ceases) is key to a safe, environmentally conscious, and efficient decommissioning project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475274</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>LOW-SULFUR SPECIFICATIONS CAUSE REFINERS TO LOOK AT HYDROTREATING OPTIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475275</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Future environmental regulations may require refiners to produce fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline with less than 100 ppm sulfur. To comply, refiners can choose to hydrotreat the feed or desulfurize the gasoline. Process options to desulfurize gasoline include: (1) Undercutting the FCC gasoline; (2) Hydrotreating the full-range FCC gasoline; (3) Hydrotreating the heavy FCC gasoline fraction; (4) Using the extractive Merox process to treat the light FCC gasoline; (5) Using liquid-liquid extraction to remove sulfur compounds from the heavy FCC gasoline; (6) Recracking the heavy-gasoline; (7) Selectively hydrotreating with the ISAL process developed by Intevep SA, Venezuela; and (8) Using sulfur adsorption for the full-range FCC gasoline.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475275</guid>
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      <title>TECHNOLOGY PUSHES VENEZUELA'S HEAVY-OIL PROJECTS AHEAD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475276</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The technological advances which have made current development of Venezuela's extra-heavy oils and bitumens resource base economical can, in the future, make them even more so, within a given oil price range. In addition, these advances can also make previously uneconomical developments economically viable and attractive.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475276</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REMEDIAL SQUEEZE SYSTEMS - 1 : REMEDIAL SQUEEZE SYSTEMS PROVIDE MEANS TO SEAL OFF TROUBLE ZONES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475277</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Newly developed remedial squeeze systems successfully control lost circulation problems, seal off high-pressure water and gas zones, and stop underground blowouts. These conditions result in mud losses, wasted rig time, lost holes, sidetracks, abandoned wells, relief wells, and unrecoverable petroleum reserves. The new systems also increase the integrity and frac gradient of weak zones to safely allow deeper drilling. In early 1996, a service company initiated a project to review conventional remediation materials and methods with the intent to search for more effective remedies. The project led to the development of several lost-circulation material squeeze systems (LCM squeeze systems).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475277</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEPOISONING PROCESS TURNS USED OIL INTO VALUABLE FEED</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475278</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Chemical Engineering Partners Inc. (CEP) and Evergreen Holdings Inc. have developed a new recovery process for used oil. Called Sec-Feed, the process turns used oil into a clean, demetallized, noncorrosive paraffin-rich product. According to CEP, the product can be fed back to a nearby refinery as secondary feed for a catalytic cracker, sold as marine diesel, or sold as a low-sulfur blending stock for fuels. Because it removes catalyst poisons, Sec-Feed can also produce secondary feed-stocks for existing lube plants. CEP states that the ability to supply a secondary feed to refineries reduces the refiner's dependence on imported crude oil. Average crude oils have 3 to 8 percent lube content, and lube crudes have 12 to 16 percent lube content. By comparison, the recoverable lube content in spent automotive oils is 60 to 75 percent.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475278</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CROSS-BORDER GAS-LINE PROJECTS FACE DAUNTING CHALLENGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/475279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pricing, costs, financing, and politics are chief among the issues that can impede construction of major, cross-border gas-pipeline projects trying to connect plentiful reserves with unsatisfied market demand. Additionally, strained relationships among parties involved in both supply and delivery can further slow or even halt progress on a project. In the cases of the Transmed (Algeria across Tunisia to Italy) and the Maghreb-Europe (Algeria across Morocco to Spain), the close working relationships of all parties involved helped resolve many issues and were key in the projects' eventual completion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Dec 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/475279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>U.K. LAUNCHES COMMERCIAL DUAL-FUEL CAR</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/487680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vauxhall Motors Limited, the U.K. unit of General Motors Incorporated, has launched Britain's first commercial dual-fuel cars and vans. The company's Vectra and Omega salon cars and Combo light vans are now available in a version that can run on either LPG or gasoline, changing fuels via a switch on the dashboard. Vauxhall claims that drivers will notice only a small deterioration in acceleration when the engine is switched from gasoline to LPG, and that LPG otherwise gives similar performance levels to gasoline.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/487680</guid>
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      <title>ALYESKA REMEDIES TAPS' PIPELINE VIBRATIONS AT THOMPSON PASS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/486867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Pipeline vibrations during summer 1996 on the TransAlaska Pipeline System (TAPS) near Thompson Pass were determined by operator Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. to result from pressure pulses originating near a slackline portion of TAPS. The vibrations only occurred when the slackline-packline interface was positioned in a terraced portion of the pipeline topography downstream of the pass. This knowledge allowed Alyeska to control the pulsations by backpressuring the pipeline and moving the slackline-packline interface above the terrace.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Jun 1998 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/486867</guid>
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