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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>EFFECT OF PRE-AND POST-HEATING ON WELD CRACKING OF LOW ALLOY STEELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/38801</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results indicate that cold cracking cannot occur at the temperature above the critical point, which is 80deg C in the case of HT80 steel joint; the delayed cracking may occur at low temperatures; the activation energy determined by incubation time of delayed cracking is 11,000 cal/mol at the temperatures over-30deg C and 2300 cal/mol below -30deg C, the activation energy determined by the effect of postheating on the cracking is 13,000 cal/mol independently of steel grade, and the preheat temperature may be reduced by using postheating, but thermal stress cracking may occur under certain conditions under which blue brittleness or precipitation brittleness takes place.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>OBSERVATION OF FRACTURE SURFACES OF TRC TEST SPECIMENS WITH SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/20251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Delayed cracking sensitivity of some kinds of high strength steels was evaluated by the TRC test and the fracturre surfaces of specimens, which had root cracking, were observed by scanning electron microscope.  The relation was investigated between the tensile restraint stress (=applied stress), the quasi-cleavage fracture area and rupture time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Nov 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF AUTOMATION OF WELDING IN SHIPBUILDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4821</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This treatise discusses economic effects of various methods for promoting automation of welding in shipbuilding by calculating welding arcing time for ship construction.  From the viewpoint of economy, the automation of welding is one of the most imperative requirements now imposed on the shipbuilding industry.  In most of the cases so far, the automatic welding has found its application only in the fabrication work on the assembly ground of flat panels contained in the cargo part of a ship.  A ship, however, inevitably must take a streamlined shape since it travels in the water, a fluid.  Hence, there exists curved part at the bow and stern of it.  Further, the welding work on the building berth as a whole amounts to about 40 percent of the total welding work with respect to the required man-hour. In view of the above, the authors discuss here, (1) automatic welding of the curved shell plate as well as of the flat panel on the ground, (2) actual measures of automation of welding on the berth and (3) the economic effects to be achieved thereby.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Apr 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ONE SIDE AUTOMATIC WELDING OF CURVED PANEL OF SHIP'S HULL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4818</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article deals with the specific methods for promoting modernization of the welding process of the curved panel. One of the vital problems in the modern shipbuilding industry is its modernization by means of mechanization and automation, to overcome labor shortage in the recent years, during the hull assembly process.  Conventionally, the modernization of the hull assembly process has been achieved mainly by the automation of welding, but its application has been limited to the flat panel units only.  The curved panel units usually are made up with three dimensional faces; furthermore, each unit has different shape and arrangement.  For this reason, it has been considered impossible to apply mechanization and automation, and the assembly work has had to rely on skilled workers. Therefore, at present the curved panel work requires more skilled workers than the flat panel work.  From the viewpoints mentioned above, the authors have conducted an investigation of modernization in extensive fields of the assembly process of curved panel units, and as the first step, have developed an automatic assembly apparatus for the curved panel, composed of the assembling jug, the welding positioner, and the one side automatic welding apparatus.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Apr 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>IDENTIFICATION OF WELD DEFECTS BY ULTRASONIC SPECTROSCOPY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4819</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Efforts have been paid to the estimation of defect size in ultrasonic inspection of weld parts, but very little attention has been focussed upon the identification of the kinds of defects in the inspection.  A spectrum analysis technique was introduced to investigate this situation. Various kinds of weld defects such as crack, lack of penetration, lack of fusion, slag inclusion and porosity were artificially produced for the experiment using about 100 pieces of steel plates.  The frequency distribution of the echoes reflected from these defects were analyzed with a spectrum analyzer.  The experimental results indicate that when a proper gate interval is employed the spectrum of crack echo shows many indentations in the envelope, whereas that of other defect echoes show comparatively smooth envelopes.  This result suggests the possibility of identifying cracks from other weld defects with the application of spectrum analysis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/4819</guid>
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      <title>ANALYSIS OF THERMAL ELASTIC-PLASTIC STRESS AND STRAIN DURING WELDING BY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4820</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is well known that welding thermal stresses and resulting residual stresses influence the strength of welded construction, causing troubles such as brittle fracture, buckling and weld cracking.  At the instant of welding, a limited portion of the welded joint is heated up to a very high temperature and cooled down to room temperature.  In the thermal cycle which takes place, the temperature distribution changes with time and it affects the mechanical properties of the metals.  In order to perform a reliable theoretical analysis, the above mentioned factors should be taken into account.  The authors developed a method of theoretical analysis of this problem based on the finite element method, with consideration of the effects of changes in the modulus of elasticity, yield stress and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the metal with temperature.  They analysed thermal transient stresses induced in a butt weld under a moving electrode and also in a fillet weld in the courses of the first and second beads and obtained various information on thermal stress history in the process of welding.  Examples verifying usefulness of the method are cited.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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