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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Social Efficiency Benchmarking of Transport Infrastructure with Non-Radial Approach: Focusing on Airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1224013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a comparative analysis of efficiency and social efficiency for domestic airports in Korea. Slack based measure (SBM) is used for efficiency and the undesirable output model is extended from SBM for social efficiency. Window analysis is used for analyzing the trend of the values. The authors analyzed fourteen airports in Korea from 2004 to 2009. In the models, the length of runway, the number of employees and terminal area are considered as input factors.  The number of passengers, the amount of cargo and the number of flights are considered desirable outputs, while directly controllable carbon dioxide emissions from airports are considered undesirable output. The results show that the average of technical efficiency is higher than social efficiency for the entire sample period.  Both efficiencies are consistently decreasing over time.  Most of the airports are both inefficient and environmentally inefficient.  In order to reduce undesirable outputs, stakeholders should work together to substantially reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Directions for future research are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 17:12:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1224013</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>On the Cost Structures of the End-of-life Product Logistics</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1223791</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to build a recycling-based society, it is necessary to have a distribution system that can smoothly transport used products.  The cost-efficiency of logistics is an important index for revealing the smooth flow of transported items.  In this paper, the cost structure of the municipal waste collection in Japan is analyzed.  Both waste collection and transportation costs are considered. Based on more than 1,800 samples, the statistical results indicate that both waste collection and waste processing have a strong scale economy. Results from an analysis of the management form of waste collection and transportation showed that consignment to a private entity minimizes the cost of waste management in Japan.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 17:12:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1223791</guid>
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      <title>Analysis of Causal Relationship between Supply Chain Security and Its Performance Using Balanced Scorecard Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1223892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Logistics security has become essential concern for global corporations involved in international trade. This study uses a balanced scorecard (BSC) approach to develop models of supply chain security activities and their outcome.  BSC is a well-known performance indicator to identify the relationship between supply chain activities and their accomplishment. The study uses both findings from the literature and empirical analysis in developing and validating a structural equation model.  The BSC causal relationship diagram allows for the analysis of the relationship  between security activities and accomplishment by using four perspectives:  learning and growth, internal business process, customer, and financial.  The findings from this study indicate that the relationship with partners has more effect on logistics security accomplishment than sharing of logistics information. The overall findings indicate that supply chain security activities from the perspective of BSC have a causal relationship with supply chain security activities and a positive influence on corporate supply chain security accomplishment. In addition, it is important to proceed, on an incremental and intensive basis, with supply chain security activities organized from the perspective of learning and growth, internal business, customer and finance according to the causal relationship between respective activities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 17:12:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1223892</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Modeling Local Service Reliabilities for the Parcel Distribution System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124004</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Express parcel delivery carriers must have good insight into the performance of their distribution networks with different levels of demand and be able to plan ahead in order to meet future changes in demand.  This paper proposes a framework to evaluate the spatial distribution of local service reliability throughout the parcel distribution system in South Korea.  The likelihood of on-time parcel delivery is estimated for several terminals at different levels of parcel demand through simulation and spatially interpolated across all of the country.  The resulting maps show specific locales that would suffer the most in the event of a capacity overflow in the network.  Travel time to the hub facilities and parcel demand are identified as the main factors that decrease the chances of on-time delivery.  Assigning higher sorting priorities in the hubs to parcels that are heading to remote locations was found to be an effective way to reduce parcel delays.  The findings from this study can be used by logistics service providers to make appropriate decisions to accommodate higher demand.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 15:04:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124004</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparative Analysis of Competitiveness of Logistics Companies in Korea, Japan and China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The logistics industry of Northeast Asia has grown considerably in recent years.  Since logistical services have the marketing structure of both international networking and international competition, the corporate success of Korean and Japanese firms will both influence and be influenced by the business competitiveness of Chinese firms. This study uses data envelopment analysis to examine the comparative corporate performance of logistics companies in Korea, China and Japan. The growth rate of Chinese companies has surpassed that of Korean and Japanese companies based on annual report data.  However, Chinese firms seem to have pursued corporate size expansion, while Japanese and Korean firms have pursued operating efficiency.  Labor efficiency of Chinese firms when calculated by total revenue per employee is the lowest of the three countries.  The profitability of Chinese multimodal logistics companies and sea transport companies is also lower than that of Korean and Japanese companies. In the multimodal industries, Japanese firms showed the highest level of efficiency, with Chinese firms ranking a distant third.  This trend has also been found in maritime industries, which have shown a steady deterioration in efficiency levels.  In the air transportation industry, Chinese companies showed the highest level of efficiency, which resulted from the business characteristics of the government-supported conglomerate companies. The characteristics of global networking in the logistics industry could enhance the level of globalization for Chinese companies in the future. The vulnerabilities of Chinese firms will diminish as they enter into this global market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 15:04:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124002</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An Air Container Loading Planning Model: DHL and Air Hong Kong Case</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On-time delivery is a key issue for express air cargo carriers such as Air Hong Kong and DHL.  There is usually only a short time period available to complete all operations such as developing a loading plan and loading the cargo before the flight’s departure.  In this paper, a case study is presented to consider the problem of optimal loading of containers in air express carriers.  The problem involves determining the containers to be loaded and the locations of the loaded containers in an aircraft while maintaining aircraft stability. The objective is to maximize the revenue obtained from delivering containers.  An integer programming model is used to represent and optimally solve the problem.  Computational experiments done on a number of randomly generated test instances show the proposed approach generates optimal or near-optimal solutions within a reasonable computation time. Directions for further research are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 15:04:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124003</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Research Analysis Regarding the Competitiveness of China's Automobile Industry Clusters</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124001</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An industrial cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and related organizations in a particular field.  China is currently developing and promoting an industrial cluster policy at the government level. This paper describes a method to evaluate the competitiveness of the Chinese automobile industry cluster. A competitiveness element index was developed along with a competitiveness evaluation method to weigh the importance of each element.  To accomplish this objective, this study applied the analytic hierarchy process and focused on the importance of the competitiveness elements.  The competitiveness of the Changchun automobile cluster in northeastern China was evaluated.   Cluster internal elements such as company competitiveness, product competitiveness and cluster image competitiveness were found to have the greatest influence on overall cluster competitiveness.  The findings from this study can be used to help Korean automobile companies entering the Chinese market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 15:04:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124001</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Selecting a Location for a City Logistics Facility: A Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The movement of goods in urban areas presents many challenges.  In many cases city logistic facilities are located in the area surrounding a city and offer multiple functions from warehousing and transshipment yards to exhibition halls and meeting rooms.  Choosing the best location for these facilities is an important strategic decision.  An optimal location can help establish more efficient urban logistics systems, improve urban traffic conditions, and reduce social and environmental costs of urban freight transportation.  The location might also influence shippers or freight carriers to jointly operate freight vehicles and terminal or information systems while allowing them to provide higher levels of customer service.  This paper examines the problem of selecting a location for a city logistics facility while considering linguistic factors. A case study that applies the analytic hierarchy process method on data from Chongqing, China is used to identify the important factors in site selection.  The optimal location in Chongqing is then determined by using the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method.  This method allows the strengths and weaknesses of alternative methods to be examined by comparing them against appropriate factors.  The findings from this study indicate that the most important factor category in the Chongqing case was commerce size.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 May 2012 15:04:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1124006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Container Port Selection Factors: Heterogeneity Among Major Market Players</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study explores the main factors considered when shippers and container shipping lines select their import/export and transshipment ports. For this study, 38 container port selection indices were chosen from earlier research and field interviews. The scores of the 38 items were collected via survey to the 3 major maritime/port market players: shippers, shipping lines, and container terminal operators. In order to analyze the different priorities imposed on the port selection factors by the 3 market players, the ANOVA method has been employed. The empirical test shows the different perceptions about port selection attributes among service suppliers and demanders. In addition, the 38 items have been categorized into 7 key factors through an exploratory factor analysis. The ANOVA technique was again employed to analyze the perspective differences for the port selection factors among the market players. The results show that there are significant differences among the players assessing the importance of 3 port choice factors (PCFs); these PCFs are outlined and discussed in some detail.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 2011 12:24:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099030</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Routes Between the Trans-Korean and Trans-Siberian Railways</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099029</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this study is to develop an analytical framework through which the most efficient route among 4 major alternative routes connecting the trans-Korean and trans-Siberian railways can be identified. The study also attempts to assign priorities to the 4 alternative routes according to their level of economic efficiency. A simple cost-benefit analysis is used to evaluate the 4 routes. Cost side, transportation time, effectiveness of customs procedures, and gauge difference are selected as the main economic factors. The cargo volume, industrial production in adjacent regions, access to natural resources, and market size/foreign investment climate are used to evaluate the benefits of the routes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 2011 12:24:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099029</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Estimation of Gas Emissions in Korea's Air Transport Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study estimates greenhouse gas (GG) emissions from aviation transportation and seeks systems that could manage these emissions based on the IPCC guidelines to prepare for GG regulations on international airlines. For this purpose, policies to reduce GG emissions from aviation transportation were developed based on international agreements and the cases of advanced countries. In addition, marginal abatement costs and GG reduction measures were derived for the effective execution of these policies. While estimating GG emissions from aviation transportation, it was found that there has been an average increase of 3.9% and 12.9% for domestic and international flights, respectively, indicating that it is urgent to prepare global GG regulations. The estimated marginal abatement cost of GG from airplanes was approximately USD 123, and this amount could be used to decide the price of emission rights, the amount of carbon tax, and could be referred to when distributing incentives for voluntary agreements. The measures to reduce GG emissions for aviation transportation were classified into 4 types: voluntary agreements, international collaboration, GG reduction technology and operation process development, and application of emission trading and carbon tax.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 2011 12:24:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099031</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Globalization in Busan and Beyond: Solving Problems in International Trade, Transport and Tourism Through Applied Social Science</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099028</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the relationship of globalization and culture, as treated by cultural anthropology, in an attempt to address issues related to rapid growth in the port city of Busan, South Korea. The paper also considers how tools of applied social science/anthropology can be utilized to help Busan and the southeast region of South Korea deal with current growth-related challenges faced by these locations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 2011 12:24:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1099028</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Determining Terminal Concession Durations in Seaports: Theoretical Considerations, Applicable Techniques and Current Practices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/929241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The awarding of terminals to private operators is considered a prime task of landlord port authorities. Yet, terminal concessions in seaports have only recently gained interest in academic circles. The awarding process poses a complex set of managerial challenges to port authorities, one of the key issues being the determination of the duration of the concession. Despite the importance of the duration of terminal concessions in seaports, the issue has not received much attention in academic circles. Factors impacting on the duration of contracts, leases or concessions have, however, been studied extensively in other research areas, such as agriculture, coal contracts, franchising, and natural gas. This paper uses insights from these academic studies to obtain a better understanding of the impact of concession duration on the stakeholders involved and relates them to empirical evidence on concession length in European seaports. The paper then proposes a classification scheme for the exogenous determination of concession duration, based on techniques developed for Public-Private-Partnerships in large infrastructure projects. Lastly, the paper discusses the importance of concession durations to various stakeholders in seaports and illustrates these principles using a case study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Sep 2010 12:42:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/929241</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rivalry Between Low Cost Carriers and Major Carriers: The Case in Korean Aviation Industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/914106</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the waves of liberalization and deregulation have accelerated to relieve rigid controls over airline routes, capacity, and fare setting regimes, Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) have emerged especially in local aviation markets since the 1970s. This paper studies the effects of LCC's entry into the domestic aviation market which was pre-occupied by 2 major carriers, Korean Air (KAL) and Asiana Airlines. Through a simple model describing 2 situations, prior and post to LCC's entry, changes and trends of each airline's output and profit were analyzed based on the Cournot and 2-stage Stackelberg game equilibrium. In summary, the conclusion consists of 5 points: 1) even though JIN Air's entry reduced KAL's respective output and profit, the more JIN Air produces, the higher the joint-profit of KAL and JIN Air is; 2) from the joint-profit aspect, increasing KAL's output to a level higher than JIN Air's is more profitable on the Gimpo-Jeju route, conversely, increasing JIN Air's output higher than KAL's is more profitable on the Jeju-Busan route; 3) even though JIN Air's entry increases Asiana Airline's output, the more JIN Air produces, the less Asiana Airlines's profit is; 4) total output in markets as well as total profits of firms will increase under certain conditions; 5) KAL and JIN Air tend to get caught in an unresolved conflict on level of LCC cost.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 16 Mar 2010 06:12:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/914106</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effectiveness of Supply Chain Orientation in Container Ports: Liners' Perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/898667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper employs the concept of supply chain orientation in container port management and empirically tests whether the measurement models proposed in some notable previous research have universal application. In addition, this study attempts to identify any significant causal relationships between port supply chain orientation and port performance from the view point of shipping companies. In the current study port supply chain orientation was found to have limited effect on customer satisfaction and port competitiveness, which might have been caused by some implemental and practical issues. However, this study reveals the potential importance of port supply chain management by empirically demonstrating that "closer relationship with shipping lines" and "innovative value added service" could function as critical components for container ports/terminals to improve customer satisfaction and enhance their competitiveness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2009 06:48:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/898667</guid>
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