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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Strengthening the implementation of International Maritime Organization regulatory frameworks and the responsibilities of a landlocked state as the flag state: A case study of Mongolia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676092</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides equal rights to landlocked states to engage in maritime activities, registering ships and becoming involved in international shipping. However, exercising these rights implies taking on equal responsibilities as coastal states, which introduces unique challenges for landlocked states. The study will take a case study of Mongolia to evaluate the ability of landlocked states to meet their duty as flag states under the International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulatory frameworks. Based on domestic laws of Mongolia, Member State Audit Scheme (IMSAS) reports, and Port State Control reports, the study cites legal, institutional, and enforcement barriers to compliance with IMO conventions. The study indicates that the capabilities of Mongolia to exercise effective flag state control are limited by its maritime infrastructure, lack of trained personnel, and dependence on external service providers. Nonetheless, the case also proves that landlocked states can increase their efforts to be responsible maritime state with legal framework reforms, capacity-building efforts, and enhanced collaboration with international partners. The case of the reform of Mongolia highlights both the necessity of national transformation and the support mechanisms needed to make landlocked states equitable participants in world maritime governance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 12:23:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676092</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Distribution-driven generation model of collision risk scenarios for MASS collision avoidance system verification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676091</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In real-world maritime operations, collision-risk encounters occur infrequently, creating inherent limitations in securing a sufficiently large set of scenarios for validating collision avoidance systems in maritime autonomous surface ships. To overcome this constraint, it is necessary to systematically generate expanded sets of risk scenarios that reflect actual encounter patterns. In this study, AIS-derived collision-risk encounters are organized into a Bag-of-Encounters representation, and the characteristics of similar encounter groups are modeled using probability density functions. By probabilistically sampling from these distributions, we propose a scenario generation method capable of producing scenarios that balance realism with variability. The generated scenarios were found to exhibit patterns consistent with their original scenarios, demonstrating that the distribution-based approach effectively reproduces the statistical properties of real encounters. Ultimately, this study introduces a data-driven scenario generation framework that preserves the underlying distribution of real encounters while compensating for the limited availability of empirical data, thereby improving the realism and applicability of MASS collision-avoidance algorithm verification.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 12:23:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676091</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>De lege ferenda for improvement of the Korean legal system for maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676090</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, technologies based on Information and Communication Technology, the Internet of Things, and Artificial Intelligence are rapidly advancing. Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) represent a key area in this transformation. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is developing international regulations to ensure safe MASS operation. A non-mandatory framework is expected by 2026, with mandatory regulations entering into force in 2032. Accordingly, not only the Republic of Korea but also other major shipping nations should prepare to incorporate these regulations into national law. This study examines the global trend toward MASS adoption and the need to restructure Korea’s domestic legal and institutional frameworks. It assesses the compatibility and adequacy of Korea’s current legal instruments. The findings show that the Act on the Promotion of Development and Commercialization of MASS mainly targets technology development and pilot operation and verification, and thus fails to address several regulatory elements required by the MASS Code. In response, this paper proposes a phased legislative strategy to improve Korea’s regulatory readiness and establish a solid institutional foundation for the safe, internationally recognized commercialization of MASS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 12:23:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676090</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A study on the challenges and solutions for a Just net zero transition in the shipping industry – Focusing on human factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study addresses the urgent transition of the international shipping industry toward net-zero GHG emissions, a goal set by IMO. This paper analyzes the necessity of Just Transition for seafarers, who are the core for completing this change. The research analyzes existing international conventions, such as the STCW and MARPOL, etc. along with national policies in the Republic of Korea to identify institutional and regulatory gaps. It proposes practical and institutional measures to address these deficiencies. Key findings suggest that a comprehensive revision of the STCW Convention is necessary to accommodate the diversity of alternative fuels, and that continuous cooperation between the IMO and ILO is essential for seafarers’ professional development. Ultimately, the paper concludes by emphasizing that a successful and fair net-zero transition hinges not only on technological innovation and regulatory frameworks but, more critically, on the strategic Just Transition of seafarers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 12:23:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2676089</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accelerated degradation of shipboard high-voltage insulation under combined electrical and thermal stress</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640194</link>
      <description><![CDATA[High-voltage insulation materials used in marine environments are subjected to simultaneous electrical and thermal stresses, which critically affect their reliability. However, previous studies have primarily investigated these factors independently. This study experimentally evaluates insulation degradation under combined stress conditions in accordance with IEC 60,034-18–33 standards. F-class (155 °C) insulation materials, widely applied in marine high-voltage systems, were tested under electrical stress alone (12.54 kV) and under combined electrical and thermal stress (12.54 kV, 155 °C). The results indicate that breakdown time was reduced by 83.25% under combined stress, demonstratinga significant acceleration of degradation. Experiments were conducted using a dry oven equipped with high-voltage bushings, breakdown times were analyzed through failure time assessment and statistical validation. The analysis identified partial discharge, electric field concentration, and chemical decomposition as the principal degradation mechanisms. This study provides empirical evidence of the synergistic effects of electrical and thermal stress and offers valuable insights for optimizing insulation material selection, advancing diagnostic techniques, and establishing predictive maintenance strategies to enhance the reliability of high-voltage systems in extreme marine environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640194</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Transfer of learning in general and simulator environments: A comprehensive systematic literature review of influencing factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640193</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This systematic literature review examines factors influencing the effectiveness of transfer of learning (TOL) in general and simulator-based contexts, with a focus on Maritime Education and Training (MET). The study analyzed 281 articles, including 37 focused on simulator training, from the Scopus database. Findings reveal five key factor groups: learner characteristics and motivation, program and deliver training, workplace and organization, transfer climate, and alignment and similarity (for general TOL) or facility and simulator (for simulator-based TOL). While many factors are consistent across both contexts, notable differences emerge in the emphasis on instructor characteristics, task complexity, and physical fidelity. The study highlights a significant gap in simulator-based TOL research regarding alignment and similarity factors, which are crucial in general TOL studies. Future research should focus on investigating the role of similarity and alignment in simulator-based MET, particularly examining how closely simulator environments and tasks mirror real-world maritime operations. This research could enhance the effectiveness of knowledge transfer from simulator training to practical shipboard applications, ultimately improving seafarer competency and maritime safety. Limitations include the relatively small number of simulator-specific studies and the exclusive use of the Scopus database, potentially missing relevant research from other sources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640193</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Building cyber-resilience in maritime transport: A stakeholders’ perspective on mitigation measures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640192</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cybersecurity risks are becoming a major concern in the maritime industry due to the increasing reliance on information technology and operational technology systems. This paper aims to develop a new methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of risk control measures (RCMs). Six criteria influencing the choice of cybersecurity RCMs are identified through literature review. Expert opinions are used to assess major cybersecurity RCMs using the fuzzy TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. The methodology prioritises the most viable RCMs using primary data collected from 100 experts. The findings indicate that the most effective cybersecurity control measures based on stakeholders’ opinions are “Effective Antivirus software management,” “Management of network devices,” and “Developing a cybersecurity strategy.” This paper contributes to maritime cybersecurity policy guidance by providing experimental evidence and offers a new decision tool to aid stakeholders in selecting the most suitable measures to address the relevant risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Feb 2026 13:12:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640192</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Development and Research Directions in Seafarers’ Welfare and Rights: A Bibliometric Analysis Between 1920 and 2023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572982</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seafarers make a critical contribution to civil society; however, they are exposed to various occupational health hazards on board ships and have historically not been granted fundamental rights. For over one century, since the first international instrument – the National Seamen’s Code Recommendation – was adopted in 1920, global seafarers have been fighting for their rights and welfare. The International Labour Organization adopted the Maritime Labour Convention as a “Bill of Rights” for seafarers in 2006, and then this instrument entered into force in 2013. After more than 10 years of implementation, it is necessary to thoroughly review the process and achievements that the maritime industry has been performing to protect seafarers’ rights and ensure their welfare. This study employed bibliometric and content analysis methods to offer a comprehensive and succinct description of the progress in academic research on seafarers’ welfare and rights from 1920 to 2023 in the Scopus database. It identified the topics, envisaged the current challenges of seafarers, and suggested imperative measures and research directions in the future. To enhance the rights and welfare of seafarers, leading suggestions from this study include (i) regulatory improvements and effective enforcement of the Maritime Labour Convention 2006, (ii) improving occupational health and safety; mental health and wellbeing of seafarers, (iii) training their knowledge and skills to cope with challenges, and (iv) developing women seafarers’ prospects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572982</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Adapting to change: International maritime education and training for future seafarers – focusing on the comprehensive review of the STCW convention and code of the 10th session of the IMO HTW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572981</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigates the ongoing review of the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification, and Watchkeeping (STCW) for Seafarers by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The Sub-Committee on Human Element, Training and Watchkeeping (HTW) of the IMO is currently undertaking steps towards a comprehensive review of the STCW Convention and its Code, with completion targeted for 2025 and full adoption expected by 2027. In this meeting, the review was mainly focused on the necessity for a proactive approach to maritime education and training, ensuring that seafarers are well-equipped to meet the evolving demands of the industry and maintain high standards of safety and competence. Advances in maritime technology were also a hot topic. This research, by examining the driving factors behind the discussion, highlights the underlying reasons for the amendments and their potential impact on the maritime industry. Especially, considering the new challenges that seafarers are encountering, this study underscores how crucial it is to review the Convention in order to enable seafarers to acquire new skills and training methodologies that would guarantee their empowerment and safety on a worldwide scale. Additionally, the outlook of this research can potentially be beneficial to the subsequent review of the STCW Convention.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572981</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The future direction of ‘other persons’ in Korean maritime legislation : A historical and comparative legal analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572980</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the legal framework surrounding the classification of “other persons” aboard vessels under the Ship Safety Act, particularly in comparison to international maritime conventions such as SOLAS. The term “other persons” has been a source of ambiguity and safety concerns, especially following several maritime accidents, including the 2024 collision near Yeoseodo. In Korea, truck drivers and other non-crew individuals have been permitted to board vessels as “other persons,” often exceeding permissible limits, raising significant safety and regulatory issues. This research examines the inconsistencies between Korea’s Ship Safety Act and international standards, noting that other major maritime nations impose stricter limits and clearer definitions on non-passenger personnel. Recommendations include aligning domestic laws with international conventions by redefining “other persons” and enforcing a stricter cap on non-crew passengers to enhance safety. The paper also addresses the need for categorizing individuals boarding vessels into clearer groups – crew, passengers, industrial personnel, and specialized personnel – to ensure legal clarity and improve compliance with global maritime safety standards. Through a comparative legal analysis, the paper advocates for the adoption of international norms in Korea’s maritime regulations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572980</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The impact of digitalization on the maritime sector: Analyzing technostress among officer seafarers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572979</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research investigates the technostress levels experienced by seafarers in Turkey during the digitalization of the maritime sector. It analyzes how variables such as marital status, work department, seafarer’s license, age, education, ship type, role, professional experience, and number of dependents affect technostress levels. The study uses data from 411 active ship officers registered with the General Directorate of Maritime Affairs through an online survey utilizing the “Techno-Stress Scale.” Findings indicate that seafarers experience medium levels of technostress in the techno-workload and techno-uncertainty dimensions, while their techno-complexity levels are low. The research reveals that marital status significantly affects overall technostress, techno-workload, and techno-uncertainty dimensions but not techno-complexity. Other variables, including professional experience and ship type, show no significant impact on technostress levels. The study highlights seafarers’ challenges adapting to technological advancements and emphasizes the need to implement strategies to reduce technostress. Suggestions include providing specialized training and support programs to help seafarers cope with the pressures of digitalization.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572979</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cutting carbon emissions by using H₂ gas on a heavy-duty 2-stroke marine engine</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572978</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study was conducted to determine the optimal hydrogen (H₂) content in the fuel gaseous mixture to achieve the goal of cutting carbon emissions to meet the International Maritime Organization’s emission regulations. The mixtures of hydrogen-methane (H₂-CH₄ with various H₂ contents were applied on an existing 2-stroke heavy-duty diesel-CH4 dual-fuel (DF) marine engine. The combustion process and emissions formations inside the engine cylinder were calculated using the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method with the support of the ANSYS FLUENT software. Experiments were also performed to get experimental results for CFD model validation purposes. The results showed that if the H₂ content accounted for 30% of the total fuel mass supplied, the engine’s carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions at load levels of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the rated load were reduced by 45.73%, 45.86%, 45.90%, 49.08%, respectively. This means that if 30% of the mass of CH₄ is replaced by H₂ the goal of cutting at least 40% of CO₂ emissions will be achieved. In addition, the effect of H₂ on other emissions, in-cylinder pressure and temperature, engine performance, etc. was also investigated and presented in this report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572978</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing a management framework to position South Africa as a preferred seafarer labour supplier</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572977</link>
      <description><![CDATA[South Africa’s strategic position along the Cape Shipping Route connects Asia and Europe, with over 30,000 vessels using this corridor annually. Despite the 2014 launch of Operation Phakisa’s Oceans Economy and the Comprehensive Maritime Transport Policy (CMTP), the country has struggled to capitalise on global seafarer shortages and shipping-related employment opportunities. This study examines how South Africa can strengthen its seafarer development programme by addressing placement challenges, capacity constraints in maritime education and training, and recruitment considerations of maritime employers. It also explores lessons from leading labour-supplying nations and the impact of technological advancements on seafarer roles. Key challenges include limited career progression and development opportunities, contributing to seafarer vulnerability and despondency. The study identifies critical decision-making factors in seafarer placement and proposes a management framework based on Fayol’s classic management theory and the 5 Ps of Pryor. This framework provides strategic guidance for South Africa to position itself as a preferred labour-supplying nation. By aligning stakeholder efforts, this research offers a roadmap for policymakers and industry leaders to enhance seafarer development, bridge employment gaps, and strengthen the country’s maritime labour market through informed policy and strategic management.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Aug 2025 10:03:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2572977</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Enhancing Korea’s ship inspection framework to support new technology commercialization</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519249</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to establish an enhanced ship inspection system to support the commercialization of eco-friendly and digital technologies in advanced ships. The research focuses on analyzing the normative effects and institutional applications of Article 73 of the current Ship Safety Act, comparing it with related laws and systems in major countries. The objective is to identify inefficiencies in the current inspection system and propose improvements for greater efficiency. Additionally, this study seeks to optimize the use of classification rules while minimizing overlap with government inspections. Through this research, the authors aim to ensure the safety of advanced ships and enhance the competitiveness of the maritime industry. The proposed improvements are designed to align with international maritime safety standards and regulations. The findings are expected to contribute to the development of a more effective ship inspection system, facilitating the seamless introduction of advanced technologies in the maritime sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2025 09:01:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519249</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving energy efficiency for fishing vessels using two-pitch propellers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519248</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Energy efficiency and CO₂ emission reduction technologies play a vital role in the “Net-zero” strategy of the United Nations. Enha₂cing the power and fuel efficiency of waterway vehicles, particularly those with powerful propulsion systems, is becoming a major worldwide concern in the fight against emissions. Propeller boss cap fin systems are only one of the many ways that propulsion systems’ efficiency can be increased. Unfortunately, because they are either expensive or too difficult to install and operate, they are not appropriate for Vietnam’s offshore fishing fleets. In this study, a two-pitch propeller model was proposed, considering the operating characteristics of offshore fishing vessels with two stages: the free-running and the trawling stage. The hydrodynamic features of the fixed propeller and the propeller’s two pitches were analyzed using the numerical approach with a diameter of 1 m; a speed of 629 rpm; expanded area ratio of 0.5. The outcomes demonstrated that the two-pitch propeller’s overall efficiency with a pitch-blade of 0.6, consisting of the efficiency in working freely and the stage of trawling, is higher than the fixed propeller’s efficiency of the same size. Two-pitch propellers are seen as a significant step in bettering the planning of national fishing vessels’ emission reduction strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 18 Apr 2025 09:01:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2519248</guid>
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