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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Automobile interior fire and its spread to an adjacent vehicle: parallel simulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509531</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Understanding automobile fire behavior, particularly in structures with a high concentration of vehicles such as car parks, is critical for public safety. In this study, the authors evaluate the reliability of computer simulations of automobile fire and its influence on adjacent vehicles. To do so, they compare simulation results with measurements obtained from a full-scale fire experiment conducted in Povazsky Chlmec (Slovakia) in 2009, and their findings support the accuracy of the simulation. The authors investigate the capabilities of parallel simulations in order to support the use of car fire simulation by high-performance computers to test various fire scenarios in car parks and road tunnels. Their results indicate a significant increase in the calculation performance with the parallelization of the calculation. The authors also propose a criterion for determining when, in the course of an automobile fire, window breakage will occur, as such breakage is a critical factor affecting the fire's course.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jul 2018 10:06:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1509531</guid>
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      <title>Effect of blockage ratio on the maximum temperature under the ceiling in tunnel fires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1250378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the fire source to that of a tunnel is defined as tunnel blockage ratio. These fire sources correspond to those that have considerable cross-sectional area such as trains or heavy goods vehicles, which are very common. The effect of tunnel blockage ratio on the maximum temperature under the ceiling in tunnel fires is analyzed using experimental data from three past studies. Results indicate that the maximum temperature decreases with the increase in the blockage ratio for small fires, while it does not vary with the blockage ratio for large fires. Previous models are modified based on the above analysis by introducing a factor that accounts for the blockage effect. The modified models are more generally applicable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 13 Jun 2013 09:14:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1250378</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Temperature distribution of fire-induced flow along tunnels under natural ventilation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1217787</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A simple correlation for the temperature distribution of fire-induced flow along tunnel ceilings  is theoretically presented and numerically studied. This could correlate the flow temperature for various tunnel aspect ratios and fire intensities. The aspect ratio of the tunnel cross section in the numerical models varies from 0.5 to 2.0, and the heat release rate of the fire source varies from 4.4 to 22 MW. The numerical results indicate that the correlation could be utilized for all tunnels but with separate fitting constants for aspect ratios less than unity and greater than or equal to unity, including all fire intensities considered. The correlation could prove valuable in fire modeling and installation design of fire detectors in tunnel-shape buildings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2012 09:21:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1217787</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of blockage ratio on critical velocity in tunnel fires</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1217088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tunnel blockage ratio is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the fire source to that of the tunnel. These fire sources in reality correspond to those that have considerable cross-sectional area, such as trains or heavy goods vehicles. The effect of tunnel blockage ratio on critical velocity in tunnel fires is numerically studied. A proposed empirical consideration that accounts for the blockage ratio effect has been verified. Based on the above consideration, a new formula for predicting the critical velocity in blocked tunnels has been presented. To examine this formula, data from present numerical simulations and previous full-scale and reduced-scale tunnel fire experiments that have considerable tunnel blockage ratios are employed. The formula shows good agreements with these data, which can be used appropriately to calculate the critical velocity for tunnels with blockage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Oct 2012 08:56:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1217088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Full-scale experimental study on fire suppression performance of a designed water mist system for rescue station of long railway tunnel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1217089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rescue stations have been designed in some super-long mountain railway tunnels in China, such as those over 30 km long. This is a new type of strategic design to counteract fire accidents in tunnels. Water mist fire suppression systems need to be installed in such rescue stations in order to control the train fire. However, there is no design engineering experience for it. In this article, a full-scale experimental facility was built to study the fire suppression performance of water mist systems in such railway tunnel rescue stations. A series of full-scale tests was preliminarily conducted with the fire position on top of, inside, and under the train carriage, with gasoline pool fire and wood crib fire used as fire sources. A design of water mist suppression systems for such a fire scenario was presented, and its performance was tested. Experimental data on temperature, CO concentration, and radiation flux were collected and analyzed. The results showed that the water mist system could control fires, cool the air temperature in the rescue station, and strongly reduce the radiant heat flux in the vicinity of the fire source under various ventilation conditions. However, the visibility of the rescue station was much deteriorated after the injection of water mist, so that emergency lights and evacuation lights are necessary for personnel evacuation. The changes of fire extinguishing time with longitudinal ventilation velocities showed that longitudinal ventilation could provide both favorable and unfavorable conditions for water mist fire extinguishment. So, to achieve efficient fire suppression performance of water mist systems, attention might be paid to the controls of tunnel ventilation systems in the event of a fire in a railway tunnel rescue station. The design of the water mist system and the full-scale experimental data on the fire suppression performance presented in this article may serve as a reference for such engineering applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 17 Oct 2012 08:56:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1217089</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VOLATILE PRODUCTS FROM PYROLYSIS OF COTTON FABRICS FINISHED WITH THPS-UREA-PHOSPHATE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/204710</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Volatile products evolved during the pyrolysis of cotton fabrics treated with various add-ons of THPS-urea-phosphate flame retardant were measured by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry.  Molar fractions of nine primary, volatile pyrolysis products were determined, accounting for 82-89 mole percent of the products.  Three classes of volatile products were distinguished on the basis of the response of the product fractions to add-on of the flame retardant.  Increasing add-on decreased the anhydroglucose fractions.  Small add-ons increased the "furan" fractions and large add-ons decreased them. Nonfuel fractions increased with increasing add-on.  Inverse relations were found between anhydroglucose fractions and water fractions and between "furan" fractions and carbon dioxide fractions.  The flame retardancy of the cotton fabrics had the best correlation with the water fractions. These results are compared and contrasted with data from the pyrolysis of cotton fabrics treated with another flame retardant, THPOH-ammonia.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Aug 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/204710</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>FIRE RESISTANT FILMS FOR AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/204711</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alternative sandwich-panel decorative films were investigated as replacements for the polyvinyl fluoride currently used in aircraft interiors.  Candidate films were studied for flammability, smoke emission, selected toxic gas emission, flame spread, and suitability as a printing surface for the decorative acrylic ink system. Several of the candidate films tested were flame-modified polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polyamide, polysulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyethersulfone, polybenzimidazole, polycarbonate, polyparabanic acid, polyphosphazene, polyetheretherketone, and polyester.  The films were evaluated as pure films only, films silk-screened with an acrylic ink, and films adhered to a phenolic fiberglass substrate.  Films which exhibited the highest fire-resistant properties included PEEK polyetheretherketone, Aramid polyamide and ISO-BPE polyester.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Aug 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/204711</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLAME RETARDED THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/195109</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers have been effectively flame retarded with organobromine compounds and antimony oxide synergists.  A range of flame retardant performance can be achieved based on the Underwriters Laboratories Schedule 94, Standard for Tests for Flammability of Plastic Materials for Parts in Devices and Appliances; and ASTM D-2863, Standard Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candlelike Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index). UL 94 VO and V2 ratings and oxygen indices of 22 to 33 were obtained.  Different responses were observed for each of the flame retardants evaluated.  Differences were also observed between urethanes having polyether or polyester segment based backbones.  Based on laboratory tests, the compounded elastomers had commercially acceptable physical properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Sep 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/195109</guid>
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