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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>COMPUTER MODELLING OF ELECTROSTATIC CONDITIONS AND HAZARDS IN TANK WASHING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/167190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is shown how a computer program for solving Poisson's equation in complex three-dimensional structures can be used for quantitative interpretation of electrostatic fieldmeter observations in practical situations.  Computations are presented relating to interpretation of electrostatic conditions during shipboard studies of tank washing operations in the cargo tanks of crude oil carriers.  The paper also discusses how the program was used to assess electrostatic ignition hazards by modelling possible discharge situations involving slugs of water and calculating the discharge energies which would be available as a function of geometric and electrostatic conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Jun 1981 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE GENERATION DURING TANK WASHING REDUCING HAZARDOUS SPACE POTENTIALS IN TANKERS: A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/35706</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The hazard arising from the washing of tanks with powerful jets of water is discussed and defined in terms of space potential.  Methods are presented for the reduction of these space potentials created by electrostatically charged water mist.  Special consideration is given to "passive" systems, whose effectiveness and reliability or reduction stem more or less from their mere presence in the tank.  Theoretical work and model studies leading up to successful experiments with dividing wires in a 12,000 cu m tank are presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/35706</guid>
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      <title>ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE GENERATION DURING TANK WASHING. SPARK MECHANISMS IN TANKS FILLED WITH CHARGED MIST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/35707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Under conditions of tank washing several possible sparking mechanisms were investigated involving conducting objects not bonded to the tank.  Some of the tests were done in a full-scale 12,000 cu m shore tank containing an electrostatically charged mist generated by a tank washing machine.  Sparking mechanisms were identified associated with the formation of unbonded conductors in the form of water masses ("water slugs") by the water jets used for tank cleaning.  Ignition experiments were performed using masses of water as unbonded conductors.  They produced sparks of sufficient intensity to ignite hydrocarbon - air mixtures under conditions relevant to the practical situation in tankers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>ELECTRIC CHARGE GENERATION DURING TANK WASHING: INFLUENCE OF CONTAMINATS AND ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH ON CHARGE GENERATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/35708</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The charging rate of an aqueous solution depends on the type and concentration of the dissolved compound.  In agreement with a simple charging model, surfactants produce a charged mist with a polarity corresponding to their ionic nature. The charge densities found for sea-water/crude oil mixtures depend very much on the water/oil ratio.  Twenty to thirty per cent of crude oil in water, on the one hand, and about ten per cent of water in crude oil, on the other, increase the charge density significantly above the values for the pure liquids.  For pure sea-water, the charge production is limited by the electric field strength due to charges present.  At the place of mist formation, a limiting value of about 1900 V/m is found.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jan 1976 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>RESEARCH ON ELECTROSTATIC HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH TANK WASHING IN VERY LARGE CRUDE CARRIERS (SUPERTANKERS)--1. INTRODUCTION AND EXPERIMENT MODELLING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/35290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To supplement the full scale trials, designed to investigate the reasons behind the explosions which occurred during tank cleaning of three supertankers, a parallel research program was started using small scale equipment.  The area of concern was the incendivity of electrical discharges in a charged water aerosol and the basic processes in the charge generation mechanism when a water jet disintegrates.  The justification of the scaling is based on comparison with full scale data and by maintaining a constancy of the more important parameters in the real and model tests.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>PRACTICAL AND COMPUTER ASSESSMENTS OF IGNITION HAZARDS DURING TANK WASHING AND DURING WAVE ACTION IN PART-BALLASTED OBO CARGO TANKS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/35292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The theoretical, experimental and practical studies which were carried out at Culham Laboratory up to March 1973 on the mechanisms by which electrostatic hazards arise in the operation of large oil tankers are described. Theoretical calculations show that hazardous sparks (with energy above 0.2 mj) can be expected when fairly modest sized slugs of water, perhaps as small as 100 mm long, 20 mm diameter, arrive at a projection such as a washing machine in a tank filled with a typical charged mist. Hazards can also be expected during sloshing in part- ballasted tanks.  Experimental studies show that the incendivity of electrostatic sparks is affected by the velocity of approach of the discharge surfaces.  Radio techniques have been developed for monitoring the occurrence of electrostatic sparks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 18 Nov 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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