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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Activating the Consumer: Toward More Sustainable Last-Mile Delivery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article investigates the impact of sustainability messaging on activating consumers' preferences for more sustainable last-mile delivery options, namely the use of parcel lockers versus home delivery. By employing signaling theory, this research explores how firms can effectively communicate the sustainability impact of last-mile delivery options to drive consumers toward more sustainable options. Through three scenario-based experiments, we analyze the influence of positive and negative sustainability messages across the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of the Triple Bottom Line on US consumers' likelihood to select parcel lockers. Our findings reveal that consumer choices are significantly affected by the framing of sustainability messages, as well as by shopping motivations and residential location. Notably, rural consumers exhibit a preference for parcel lockers when presented with negative sustainability messages, while urban consumers favor them under positive messaging and hedonic motivations. This research contributes to the stream of research on consumer logistics and last-mile delivery by providing valuable understanding into consumer-centric strategies that can enhance sustainability in logistics operations. The implications for both theory and practice are discussed, highlighting the need for targeted communication strategies in promoting parcel locker adoption and activating sustainable delivery practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617990</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Impact of Blockchain-Based Technology on Airport Operational and Environmental Performance: Empirical Evidence From European Airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports drive economic growth, enable global connectivity, and support millions of passengers and cargo every year. However, rapid increases in air traffic pose escalating operational and environmental challenges. To tackle these pressures, the aviation sector is increasingly turning to digitalization and emerging technologies to improve operational and environmental performance. This study provides robust empirical evidence on the effectiveness of one such technology: airport collaborative decision making (A-CDM), a blockchain-based application designed to improve coordination among airport stakeholders. By analyzing data from all European airports that implemented A-CDM between 2010 and 2023, we demonstrate its significant impact on both operational and environmental performance. Improvements in operational performance foster greater resilience, enabling airports to better recover from disruptions such as traffic congestion, adverse weather conditions, and unexpected events. Meanwhile, the enhancements in environmental performance contribute to sustainability by reducing carbon emissions, energy consumption, and overall environmental impact. This study provides valuable, evidence-based insights for policymakers and airport managers, highlighting how investments in digitalization can simultaneously improve both resilience and sustainability in the aviation sector.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617989</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Last Mile Delivery Capacity Planning With Two-Sided Uncertainty</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617988</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Crowdsourced delivery (CD) is increasingly combined with private delivery (PD) to respond to last mile delivery (LMD) demand uncertainty. As independent contractors, CD drivers self-schedule, which simultaneously creates labor supply uncertainty. Consequently, such LMD capacity planning requires addressing both uncertainties concurrently, a duality we term “two-sided uncertainty.” In this setting, two key questions emerge: what is the optimal level of PD capacity when CD is available? How does two-sided uncertainty impact the PD capacity decision? To that end, we adapt a two-stage newsvendor model to explore the impact of two-sided uncertainty on optimal PD capacity when CD is available. We combine Monte Carlo simulation and optimization in empirically grounded experiments using data from a Brazilian prepared meals company. We find a positive relationship between two-sided uncertainty and PD capacity. We also reveal nuance in the relationship by identifying moderating effects due to correlation in driver availability across CD price tiers and failed delivery costs. The results also indicate that optimal delivery capacity typically combines PD and CD sources rather than relying on a single source. We show that managerial decisions based solely on lowest unit delivery cost while assuming away two-sided uncertainty can lead to suboptimal decisions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Jan 2026 14:44:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617988</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovation in the Last Mile: Exploring Factors Influencing Consumer Intention to Use In-Home Logistics Services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606747</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent innovations in e-commerce logistics include in-home delivery and return pickup services. This study investigates factors influencing consumers' likelihood of choosing and intention to use in-home logistics services. The authors found that having prior experience with porch delivery theft risk does not increase the likelihood of consumers' using in-home delivery. They also found that return pickup service and away-from-home service structure have a positive impact on consumer intention to use in-home logistics services. In addition, consumers were more likely to choose return pickup than delivery, probably because of higher coordination costs associated with returns. The authors make three recommendations. First, firms can increase consumer likelihood of using in-home logistics services through communication about the low risk associated with them. Second, marketing should be directed toward parents, as they are consistently more likely than non-parents to utilize in-home delivery. Third, firms should offer delivery and return pickup as separate rather than bundled services.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Nov 2025 17:07:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2606747</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Improving Driver Engagement in Delivery and Rideshare Services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539828</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Delivery and rideshare services, as part of the sharing economy, struggle with uncertainty in the supply of drivers. This study asks the question, "How does the alignment between the technical subsystem (platform design) and social subsystem (driver preferences and behaviors) of sharing economy platforms influence driver engagement, as shaped by the organizational design dimensions of centralization, formalization, and complexity?" The authors hypothesized that engagement is preceded by drivers' perception of the utility of a platform's design and that individual driver characteristics shape platform preferences. They performed a discrete choice experiment and used observation-based research to investigate how driver heterogeneity influences preferences and engagement behaviors. The results showed that drivers value flexibility in scheduling and base pay-oriented vs. promotion-oriented remuneration. In addition, individual driver characteristics, such as income dependency on platform work, simultaneous use of multiple platforms, and demographic factors, greatly influence the platform preferences of drivers. It was concluded that sharing economy platforms should include both customer and driver preferences in their design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 13 Jun 2025 09:13:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539828</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Response Strategies for Demand Surges in Last-Mile Logistics: Managing Delivery Efficiency in Volatile Environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539826</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Last-mile logistics firms are facing increasingly volatile environments in which they must constantly cope with demand fluctuations. This study provides insights into how last-mile logistics firms can effectively respond to sudden demand surges caused by unexpected events. Based on the literature review and practitioner interviews, the authors identify six popular last-mile logistics response strategies and compare their effectiveness. The authors first develop a theoretical framework that can assess the effectiveness of multiple response strategies systematically by utilizing a well-known transport economics theory, economies of scale. They then conduct a series of simulation experiments to (1) empirically evaluate the performance of the six strategies using their framework and (2) examine if the best-performing strategy(s) differs from one operating condition to another using the contingency theory perspective. Results suggest that many popular strategies used in practice are “non-viable” ones that can result in diseconomies of scale and reduce firms' competitiveness. Results also suggest that the set of “best” and “viable” strategies that can bring competitive advantages to firms varies from one firm to another depending on the firm's operating conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Jun 2025 13:59:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2539826</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Job gain and job loss dynamics in the truck transportation industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2414002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Every year, roughly 27% of all jobs in the truck transportation sector (NAICS 484) are reshuffled across motor carriers as existing carriers grow or shrink, new entrants begin operations, and existing firms exit. The authors take a first look at job gain and job loss dynamics in truck transportation, with a special emphasis on the roles of carrier age and job gain and loss dynamics in the manufacturing sector, the source for most trucking ton-miles. In doing so, they draw on and extend theory in both supply chain management and economics. The authors test their predictions using archival administrative data covering 1995 through 2019 from the Census Bureau's Business Dynamics Statistics program that tracks the universe of truck transportation firms with employees. Results from fitting a series of mixed effects models provide strong evidence that job gain and job loss dynamics at trucking firms decline rapidly as carriers age. They further find these age-related dynamics are moderated by employment dynamics in the manufacturing sector. Robustness testing shows job gains and losses dynamics in manufacturing are more predictive than the same dynamics in the distribution sector (wholesaling, retailing, and warehousing). The authors discuss implications of these findings for theory and practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2024 08:44:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2414002</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>How do trucking companies respond to announced versus unannounced safety crackdowns? The case of government inspection blitzes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2265844</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study that investigated how trucking companies (carriers) respond to the likelihood of safety inspections performed by the Department of Transportation.  The authors considered the impact of announced versus unannounced safety inspections, using a longitudinal dataset of nearly 10 million truck inspections from 2012 to 2016.  They use attention-based theory to propose new theoretical predictions about how carriers respond to the different inspection crackdowns.  Results showed that companies with lower costs of compliance, and higher costs of avoiding inspections, improve compliance prior to and during announced inspections.  The authors found that the unannounced inspections resulted in no changes in compliance or avoidance, with the caveat that their hypothesis about awareness is accurate.  They note that announced inspection blitzes increase the attention carriers devote to addressing safety and maintenance issues, something that is not achieved with unannounced inspections. The authors conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of their findings for the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA), as well as for other policymakers, carriers, shippers, and brokers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2023 10:28:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2265844</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>You're driving me crazy! How emotions elicited by negative driver behaviors impact customer outcomes in last mile delivery</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2265845</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the growth of e-commerce and associated home deliveries, understanding the role of drivers in shaping the customer experience in last-mile delivery is now more crucial than ever. Delivery drivers increasingly act as retailers' frontline employees and are thus instrumental in developing pseudorelationships between customers and retailers. Industry surveys, however, reveal that drivers admit to engaging in unprofessional behaviors with customers and often refuse to address customers' requests beyond package delivery. Following a middle-range theorizing approach and leveraging Cognitive Appraisal Theory, the authors investigate how two negative driver behaviors, inappropriate behavior and inflexibility, impact customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions. They also examine the moderating effect of driver affiliation, private versus outsourced, in altering the magnitude of customer responses. Results from a scenario-based experiment indicate that while the negative effects of driver inappropriate behavior on customer outcomes are mediated by anger, the effects of driver inflexibility are mediated by sadness. Moreover, the negative effect of driver inflexibility on customer outcomes is weaker for outsourced logistics than for private fleet drivers. In turn, driver inappropriate behavior exhibits similar negative effects on customer outcomes for both driver affiliations. These findings offer important insights for last-mile delivery strategy and operations research and practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 17 Nov 2023 11:25:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2265845</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on truckload transportation procurement: A review, framework, and future research agenda</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2154965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The body of literature on truckload (TL) transportation procurement decisions by firms (shippers) and their transportation service providers (motor carriers) has been driven by real-world challenges faced by a large and important segment of the economy. The field has received the attention of researchers from a wide range of domains. While this attention demonstrates the appeal of these complex procurement problems, it also underscores a key challenge: the literature is dispersed and uncoordinated. This makes it difficult to identify meaningful new streams of research, risks slowing progress in the field, and limits the exposure of the research to wider supply chain audiences. With this review of the existing literature, the authors coordinate the growing set of research in this domain and demonstrate how the TL procurement literature is positioned within the broader streams of service procurement research. They develop a framework that describes the types (make vs. buy) and timing (strategic or execution stage) of decisions about the procurement of TL transportation services, organized by which actor's perspective is taken—the shipper's or the carrier's. The authors suggest areas of future research informed by an existing set of industry-led research and the gaps they have identified in the academic literature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 May 2023 10:56:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2154965</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inductive research in last-mile delivery routing: Introducing the Re-Gifting heuristic</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2108141</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The last-mile problem presents a daunting challenge for many logistics service providers, especially some 7000 small, localized operations for whom the cost of complex software solutions is often prohibitive. As a result, last-mile dispatchers rely on simple heuristics to ensure adequate customer service at an acceptable cost. This research effort extends prior qualitative work by developing and testing a simple vehicle routing heuristic, based on behaviors observed in practice, that prioritizes customer service over cost against other simple vehicle routing heuristics across a variety of environments using simulation. The results support the inclusion of a customer service focus in vehicle routing and the addition of such heuristics to existing algorithm portfolios, specifically in urban areas with well-developed highway systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Mar 2023 10:20:45 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2108141</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Innovation and labor in the port industry: A comparison between Genoa and Antwerp</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2005247</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the advancement of innovation initiatives in the port industry, port labor has fundamentally changed in terms of new tasks, skills required, professional profiles, training, employment relations, work organization, and number of jobs. Current literature often focuses more on the assessment of investments in this particular sector rather than on the evaluation of innovative processes and the interaction with employment issues. In this article, the authors assess the relationship between innovation and employment in the port industry by comparing two distinct case studies—the ports of Antwerp and Genoa—which are characterized by partially common features and different socio-institutional contexts. Based on qualitative research conducted between 2016 and 2019, the comparative study finds that incremental innovative solutions produce a polarized port labor market in both cases, as previous studies assess. Nevertheless, the findings show that, in the case of Antwerp, a mediated and structured bargaining system interacts positively with employment issues and incremental innovative solutions, while in the case of Genoa, a disarticulated and less structured context reflects a weaker ability to influence virtuously the intertwine between innovation and employment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2022 09:30:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2005247</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hybrid last mile delivery fleets with crowdsourcing: A systems view of managing the cost-service trade-off</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1907135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study considered a hybrid delivery fleet consisting of both privately owned delivery vehicles and crowdsourced delivery vehicles. It explored the following factors that influence last mile delivery cost and service: driver autonomy, compensation, fleet size, fleet mix, and demand intensity. The analysis combined agent-based simulation, discrete event techniques, and home delivery data from a major US retail pharmacy to reveal the interdependence of the previously-mentioned factors. The results indicated a convex relationship between crowdsourced driver compensation and cost performance, along with a nonlinear negative relationship between compensation and fulfillment time. For example, compared to median compensation amounts, low and high compensation amounts may increase unit delivery costs. Retail firms can devise a delivery system to meet last mile and same-day delivery needs by resizing their fleets to include crowdsourced vehicles and choosing an optimized compensation scheme.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Jun 2022 17:07:50 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1907135</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Exploring Longitudinal Industry-Level Large Truckload Driver Turnover</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889019</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stability of the driver workforce directly influences productivity and carrier revenue in the trucking industry. This study examines factors explaining longitudinal, industry-level truckload (TL) driver turnover rates. Using labor economic theory and methods, the authors focus on how changing industry employment and wages determine driver turnover. They combine driver turnover data from the American Trucking Association, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, and U.S. Federal Reserve in time-series regression modeling to explain why declines in industry employment will decrease industry-level TL driver turnover, whereas increases in industry employment will increase industry-level TL driver turnover. The authors discuss theoretical and managerial implications of their work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Dec 2021 10:54:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889019</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Pricing Dynamics in the Truckload Sector: The Moderating Role of the Electronic Logging Device Mandate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889020</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the potential moderating role of the 2017 electronic logging device (ELD) mandate in the relationship between spot market prices and contract prices for the truckload sector. The authors hypothesized that the ELD mandate should increase market participants' abilities to utilize spot price movements in contracting pricing. They created a database combining monthly spot price data from DAT Solutions with monthly contract pricing data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for January 2013 through November 2019. They used a series of finite distributed lag time series regression models to observe the effects of spot price changes before and after the ELD mandate took effect. The results showed that contract prices have become more sensitive to changes in spot prices since the ELD mandate was implemented. It was concluded that spot prices have become a more influential leading indicator for contract prices. This development implies that carriers should pay close attention to spot price movements, as these changes are now more predictive of how contract prices will shift and are signs of a more efficient market for truckload services..]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Dec 2021 09:37:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1889020</guid>
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