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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>EARTHWORK QUANTITIES BY RANDOM SAMPLING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/122649</link>
      <description><![CDATA[STATISTICAL METHODS ARE APPLIED TO DETERMINE EARTHWORK QUANTITIES. FIRST, CUT AND FILL AREAS ARE DELINEATED AND PLANIMETERED. THEN, A TABLE OF RANDOM NUMBERS IS USED TO LOCATE SAMPLE ITEMS OF DEPTHS OF EARTHWORK. THE VOLUME OF EARTHWORK IS THE PRODUCT OF THE PLANIMETERED AREA AND THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF THE SAMPLED DEPTHS. THE PRECISION (ERROR) OF THE ANSWER IS EXPRESSED AS A FUNCTION OF CONFIDENCE LIMIT, AVERAGE DEPTH, CONTOUR INTERVAL, AND NUMBER OF SAMPLE ITEMS,. THIS METHOD IS RAPID AND ACCURATE AND YIELDS THE MOST MEANINGFUL RESULTS WHEN COMPARED WITH ANY OTHER METHOD IN USE TODAY FOR COMPUTING EARTHWORK QUANTITIES. THE DISTRIBUTION OF CUT AND FILL AREAS CAN ALSO BE DETERMINED FROM THE SAMPLE ITEMS USED TO FIND THE DEPTH OF EARTHWORK. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:44:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/122649</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GROUTING MANMADE ISLANDS-CHESAPEAKE BAY BRIDGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/121742</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE PROCEDURE, EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND FIELD INSTALLA- TION ARE DESCRIBED FOR GROUTING BOILS THAT APPEARED FROM THE CHIME AND SCREEDED GRAVEL UNDER THE TUBE SECTION WHERE THE CROSSING MADE THE TRANSITION FROM TUNNEL TO THE OPEN RAMP ON THE MANMADE SAND ISLANDS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY BRIDGE-TUNNEL . SOIL CONDITIONS AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF THE TUBE PLACEMENT AND COFFERDAM CONSTRUCTION THAT MADE CONVENTIONAL CONSTRUCTION DEWATERING DIFFICULT AT THE FACE JUNCTION ARE GIVEN. BOILS WERE ENCOUNTERED ON TWO OF THE FOUR ISLANDS AND WERE GROUTED AFTER TEMPORARY CONTAINMENT BY SAND DIKES. AN INEXPENSIVE VISCOUS BENTONITE-CEMENT-FRESH WATER GROUT WAS MIXED AND PUMPED WITH CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. THIS GROUT REMAINED PLASTIC AFTER SETTING YET WAS RETAINED IN THE LARGE VOIDS OF THE PERVIOUS SOILS. THE FOURTH ISLAND WAS GROUTED BEFORE EXCAVATION, THUS REDUCING THE DEWATERING DIFFICULTIES./RRL/A]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:40:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/121742</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CEMENT STABILIZATION OF VOLCANIC MATERIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/120419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE FEASIBILITY OF USING VOLCANIC TUFFS AND THEIR RESIDUAL SOILS AS AGGREGATES FOR SOIL-CEMENT WAS INVESTIGATED. THESE LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS OF THE LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO, AREA CAN BE USED TO PRODUCE STABLE SOIL-CEMENT MIXTURES AT LOW CEMENT CONTENTS, AND THE ADDITION OF CEMENT IN SOME INSTANCES ALLOWS ACCEPTANCE OF LOWER COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS . THE USE OF TYPE III CEMENT ALSO LOWERS THE CEMENT REQUIREMENT. THE DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN COMPACTING VOLCANIC TUFF AND SOILS CONTAINING PUMICE PARTICLES ARE CONSIDERED, AND TESTING PROCEDURES ARE OUTLINED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 02:35:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/120419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE MIXES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/100313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[STABILITY IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE BLEEDING AND SEGREGATION TENDENCIES OF THE CONCRETE USING A DIRECT METHOD OF MEASUREMENT BASED ON FLOATATION OVER CARBON TETRACHLORIDE. RESULTS WERE OBTAINED FOR A RANGE OF CEMENT PASTES ILLUSTRATING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATERCEMENT RATIO AND INITIAL RATE OF BLEEDING AND ALSO BLEEDING CAPACITY. THE BLEEDING CAPACITIES PER UNIT OF VOLUME OF CEMENT PASTE OBTAINED FOR CONCRETE MIXES WERE MUCH LOWER THAN THE EQUIVALENT VALUES OBTAINED FOR NEAT PASTE. THIS REDUCTION IS PARTLY ATTRIBUTED TO INTERNAL BLEEDING THAT CAN CAUSE PLANES OF WEAKNESS AND REDUCE BOND STRENGTHS. THE SEGREGATIONAL INSTABILITY OF A CONCRETE MIX RESULTS FROM THE MATRIX HAVING INSUFFICIENT STRENGTH TO RETAIN INDIVIDUAL AGGREGATE PARTICLES IN A HOMOGENEOUS DISPERSION. THIS RESULTS IN HONEYCOMBING WITH A CONSEQUENT REDUCTION IN DURABILITY AND STRENGTH. THE DIRECT LINK BETWEEN INTERNAL COHESION AND RESISTANCE TO SEGREGATION WAS ILLUSTRATED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 29 Jul 2004 18:32:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/100313</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DATA BASE METHODS FOR COMPLEX PROJECT CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/59946</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The superprojects of today pose new and complex logistic and management problems for project managers.  The information flow at the project level is enormous and traditional methods of information handling are not adequate in meeting this new management environment.  This paper presents concepts central to the problem of project information control.  Data base methods are examined as a means of organizing data on complex construction projects. Adaptation of these methods to applications in the construction area is examined and information regarding hardware and software requirements is presented. /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Mar 1996 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/59946</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF CONCRETE STRENGTH TESTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/101484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN CONCRETE STRENGTH TESTS WERE ENUMERATED. THESE SOURCES HAD NOT BEEN MENTIONED ORIGINALLY BECAUSE THEY ALL DEAL ESSENTIALLY WITH THE INTEGRITY WITH WHICH THE SPECIMENS WERE OBTAINED AND TESTED. WHEN PRACTICALLY ALL THE TEST SPECIMENS WERE OBTAINED AND TESTED BY THE WRITER, HE WAS SATISFIED THAT THEY WERE TESTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH PROPER PROCEDURES. THE APPARENT TRIVERGENT NATURE OF THE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS OF ASTM C94 SHOULD HAVE BEEN MENTIONED. THE METHOD OF SELECTING RANDOM SAMPLES FROM EACH CEMENT SHIPMENT IS DESCRIBED' THE CEMENT WAS PALLETIZED WITH APPROXIMATELY 60 SACKS PER PALLET, ONE PALLET FOR EACH 1,000 BAGS SHIPPED WAS SELECTED FROM THE STORAGE AREA AND THEN ONE SACK WAS SELECTED FROM EACH PALLET . EACH OF THE 5 OR 6 SACKS SO OBTAINED WAS SAMPLED BY STANDARD QUARTERING PROCEDURES. THE SAMPLES WERE THEN COMBINED AND THOROUGHLY BLENDED ON AN EQUAL WEIGHT PROPORTION BASIS TO FORM THE TEST SAMPLE. REFERENCES'  STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF CONCRETE STRENGTH TESTS, ASCE PROCEEDINGS PAPER 3453, MARCH 1963.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 12 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/101484</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MATHEMATICAL METHOD FOR BLENDING AGGREGATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107031</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A METHOD IS DEVELOPED FOR AGGREGATE MIX DESIGN FOR USE IN STABILIZED BASE OR ASPHALT CONCRETE DESIGN WHERE IT IS NECESSARY TO BLEND SEVERAL AVAILABLE AGGREGATE MATERIALS TO OBTAIN THE DESIRED OPTIMUM GRADATION. THIS METHOD DIFFERS FROM THE TRIAL-AND-ERROR PROCEDURE COMMONLY USED. IT REPRESENTS AS DIRECT A MATHEMATICAL SOLUTION AS CAN BE FOUND FOR THIS PROBLEM AND USES A SET OF SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 05 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107031</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USING AERIAL PHOTOS TO LOCATE GRANULAR FILL MATERIAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/90532</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE RELIABILITY OF USING AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION AS ONE OF THE FASTEST AND MOST ECONOMICAL METHODS OF LOCATING GRANULAR MATERIALS IS DESCRIBED AND DEMONSTRATED. THE INVESTIGATION COVERS THE INDENTIFICATION FEATURES OF GRANULAR DEPOSITS AND A LIST OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRANULAR LANDFORMS. AERIAL AND GROUND PHOTOGRAPHS SHOW THE FEATURES DESCRIBED. EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN TO DEMONSTRATE THE PROCEDURES USED BY THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, TULSA DISTRICT, IN LOCATING GRANULAR FILL MATERIAL FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS FOR SEVERAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. SEVEN PILOT PROJECTS, WHICH CAN BE EXTRAPOLATED TO OTHER AREAS, WERE SELECTED FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AS POTENTIAL SOURCES OF GRANULAR MATERIAL. A 2-DAY FIELD EXPLORATION SHOWED THAT SIX SITES CONTAINED GRAVEL SUITABLE FOR USE IN GRILLED ROLLED BASE COURSES. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/90532</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUBWAY TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION IN NEW YORK CITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/102553</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SUBWAY TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION PROVIDES A VARIETY OF CONDITIONS REQUIRING SPECIAL EQUIPMENT AND METHODS. TUNNEL SECTIONS VARY AS TO SHAPE, HEIGHT AND PROXIMITY TO EXISTING STRUCTURES. PROVEN AND NEW EQUIPMENT AND METHODS ARE USED FOR EXCAVATION AND CONCRETE OPERATIONS. A COMBINATION OF ROOF BOLT, TIMBER AND STRUCTURAL STEEL IS USED TO SUPPORT THE EXCAVATED TUNNEL. RUBBER-TIRED HAULING EQUIPMENT PROVED TO BE MANEUVERABLE AND ADAPTABLE TO A VARIETY OF TUNNEL OPERATIONS. CRAWLER-MOUNTED EQUIPMENT FOR LOADING IS SELECTED BECAUSE OF ITS SUCCESS DOING SIMILAR WORK. CONCRETE EQUIPMENT IS SELECTED AND ADAPTED TO BE MANEUVERABLE AND FLEXIBLE BECAUSE OF THE VARIETY PLACING REQUIREMENTS. ROCK FALL STOPS ADVANCE OF TUNNEL EXCAVATION. TUNNEL AND VOID ARE FILLED WITH CONCRETE TO FORM SUPPORT FOR FALLING ROCK. ROCK EXCAVATION IS CARRIED OUT DIRECTLY UNDER OPERATING RAILROAD AND PASSENGER STATION. SUPPORT OF OVERHEAD STRUCTURE IS DONE AS EXCAVATION IS ADVANCED. BLASTING IN THIS AREA IS LIMITED TO AVOID DAMAGE TO EXISTING STRUCTURE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jun 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/102553</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CRITICAL PATH RESOURCE SCHEDULING ALGORITHM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/102668</link>
      <description><![CDATA[MOST EARLY APPLICATIONS OF THE CRITICAL PATH METHOD DID NOT CONSIDER THE RESOURCES REQUIRED TO COMPLETE EACH PROJECT ACTIVITY. RECENTLY, INCREASED ATTENTION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO THIS PROBLEM, AND SEVERAL METHODS HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED FOR SCHEDULING ACTIVITIES WHICH COMPETE FOR RESOURCES WHICH ARE AVAILABLE IN STATED MAXIMUM AMOUNTS. AN ALGORITHM IS PRESENTED FOR SCHEDULING PROJECT ACTIVITIES IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE ACTIVITIES ARE PERFORMED IN PROPER SEQUENCE, THE TOTAL RESOURCE AVAILABILITIES ARE NOT EXCEEDED, AND THE PROJECT DURATION IS KEPT TO A MINIMUM. THE METHOD ASSUMES THAT ACTIVITY DURATIONS CAN VARY DEPENDING UPON THE AMOUNTS OF RESOURCES ASSIGNED TO THEM. A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE, USING A SMALL, HYPOTHETICAL PROJECT NETWORK, IS GIVEN. FURTHER COMPUTATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH A NETWORK OF SEVERAL HUNDRED ACTIVITIES IS REPORTED. A POSSIBLE EXTENSION OF THE APPROACH, TO PROVIDE FOR EVALUATING THE COST OF ANY PREMIUM TIME LABOR USED TO REDUCE PROJECT DURATION, IS SUGGESTED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT APPROACHES OF THE TYPE GIVEN HEREIN ARE VALID AND WORTHY OF FURTHER INVESTIGATION. /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/102668</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNBALANCED BIDDING MODELS - THEORY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/102670</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A CLASS OF UNBALANCED BIDDING PROBLEMS APPROPRIATE FOR UNIT PRICE PROPOSALS IS IDENTIFIED. USING THE PRESENT WORTH OF FUTURE REVENUE AS AN OBJECTIVE, SEVERAL MODELS ARE CONSTRUCTED FOR OPTIMAL UNBALANCING OF A BID. A LINEAR PROGRAMMING FORMULATION IS FOUND TO EMERGE IN A NATURAL WAY. THE IMPLICATIONS OF UNBALANCED BIDDING TO BOTH THE BIDDER AND THE SPONSOR ARE CONSIDERED. /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/102670</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OUTLINE OF RESEARCH REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/102671</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS PAPER IS A FIRST EFFORT TO DEFINE SOME USEFUL RESEARCH TOPICS IN CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING. IT IS PRESENTED WITH THE HOPE OF STIMULATING INTEREST IN A RESEARCH AREA WHICH FEW FOLLOW TODAY. A LIST IS GIVEN OF POTENTIAL CONSTRUCTION RESEARCH SUBJECTS PROPOSED AS A RESULT OF A MEMBERSHIP SURVEY IN 1961. RESEARCH IN PROGRESS IS LISTED. CONSTRUCTIVE CRITICISM AND THE SUGGESTIONS OF BUILDERS, ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS WILL BE WELCOMED BY THE COMMITTEE. /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/102671</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>WHAT'S AHEAD FOR TUNNELING MACHINES?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107476</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TEN YEARS OF TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION DATA FROM 1955 TO 1965 ARE REVIEWED TO ESTABLISH PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PAST-TUNNELING MARKET. THESE CHARACTERISTICS INCLUDE: (1) TOTAL FOOTAGE OF TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED EACH YEAR, (2) A BREAKDOWN OF THESE TUNNELS ACCORDING TO USE (WATER TRANSPORTATION, VEHICLE TUNNELS, RAILROAD AND SUBWAY TUNNELS AND MINING TUNNELS), AND (3) A PROFILE OF THE 1955-1965 TUNNELING ACCORDING TO UNLINED-TUNNEL DIAMETER AND TUNNEL LENGTH. THIS DATA PROVIDED A HISTORY OF TUNNELING  ACTIVITY AND GROWTH RATES WHICH WERE USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH EXPERT OPINIONS AND ANNOUNCED FUTURE TUNNELING EXPECTATIONS TO DEVELOP A FORECAST OF 3,000 MILES OF WORLDWIDE-TUNNELING ACTIVITY FROM 1966 TO 1976. TO ESTIMATE THE IMPACT OF TUNNELING MACHINES ON THE TOTAL MARKET, A DETAILED COST ANALYSIS IS OUTLINED FOR DRILL AND BLAST VERSUS MECHANICAL BORING. THE ECONOMIC COMPARISON SHOWED TUNNELING MACHINES TO BE AN EFFECTIVE ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE IN A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF FUTURE TUNNELING. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT TUNNELING MACHINES WILL COMPLETE 1,000 MILES OF THE TOTAL 3,000 MILES FORCASTED BETWEEN 1966 AND 1976. /ASCE/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107476</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>UNDERGROUND TRANSIT STATION CONSTRUCTION IN JAPAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/181264</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Technologies used in Japan for constructing underground stations for heavy-rail urban rapid transit systems are described.  Two example projects have been chosen that illustrate different approaches which incorporate several advanced engineering features.  These examples illustrate the top-down, or reverse construction method, secant-pile walls, and underground mining of stations in soft ground.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Sep 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/181264</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUBWAY CONSTRUCTION COSTS: THE ROLE OF THE ENGINEER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/165831</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Methods of controlling costs through design in the underground construction of transit systems are covered. Seven types of stations were developed according to method of excavation, and cost estimates were prepared for different depths of cover to show the potential range of costs.  A full-height station with mezzanine inside the train room was established as a reference.  The costs of the various types of stations were found to vary as much as 100%.  New construction techniques which offer cost saving opportunities are also explored as well as the importance of selecting a designer on the basis of credentials instead of fee.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Feb 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/165831</guid>
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