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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Digitalisation from logistics to assembly lines: applications in the Portuguese automotive sector</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604182</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The digitalisation of logistics and assembly lines in the Portuguese automotive sector is reshaping manufacturing processes, work organisation and competence requirements. The research aims to assess the challenges and opportunities associated with these technological changes and their impact on workforce skills and organisational structures. Findings suggest that digitalisation is progressing unevenly across logistics and production, with logistics leading in automation while production struggles with legacy systems and high costs. The shift to alternative engines supports digitalisation, but significant workforce skill gaps in AI and digital systems remain a challenge. Companies are implementing internal training, yet outdated vocational programs fail to address Industry 4.0 needs. Rather than full automation, digitalisation is fostering new human-machine collaboration, requiring cooperation between AI specialists, managers, and workers. To ensure success, policymakers and industry leaders must prioritise workforce reskilling and align digital strategies with labour market realities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:16 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Variegated digitalisation? Comparing digital trajectories in two I4.0 manufactures in Northern Italy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604183</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The debate on digitisation and changes in manufacturing has focused on the 𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘵𝘸𝘪𝘯/𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘴𝘩𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘸, two trajectories of technology implementation with different implications for work processes. At the same time, many studies suggest that digitalisation in practice is implemented in different ways on the base of the characteristics of the context, nurturing the 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘤𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘮 theoretical perspective. This paper explores empirically the digital trajectories implemented by two German owned manufacture plants in Northern Italy. Both companies, leaders in their respective fields (sports cars and high-tech room air conditioners), are inspired by lean principles and adhere to the I4.0 paradigm, to which the literature refers the digital twin trajectory, but the two companies are characterised by different contexts. The results suggest that in both cases, despite adherence to the I4.0 paradigm, there is a predominance of the 𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘴𝘩𝘢𝘥𝘰𝘸 trajectory, but the underlying reasons for this predominance differ. On a theoretical level, while the study confirms the usefulness of the 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘤𝘢𝘱𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘮 perspective, it also suggests the opportunity to complement it with the concept of 𝘷𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘨𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘥𝘪𝘨𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯, a more appropriate concept to understand the multiscalar dimension and the polymorphic and dynamic character of contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604183</guid>
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      <title>Digital transformation within the Brazilian automotive industry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604181</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper aims to assess digital readiness in the Brazilian automotive industry. The findings are based on the perspective of Brazilian managers involved in digital transformation implementation. A survey was applied (five-point Likert scale) for 118 respondents from main Brazilian automotive companies who implement or use digital technologies. Although respondents indicate that their organisation has an inspiring vision of how digital technologies create a future of shared value and an understanding of how the competitive landscape changes due to digital trends, they indicate that their organisations need to improve their implementation plans for using digital technologies to achieve business objectives and also experience difficulty leveraging these technologies to improve strategic performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604181</guid>
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      <title>Spurring monopolies and fettering automation? Determinants of variations of output, employment and productivity in OECD automotive industries following the financial crisis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604180</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper estimates the effects robotic automation has had on output, employment and labour productivity, in the automotive sectors of 22 OECD countries following the financial crisis. The results of the analysis show that robot-use is a significant factor in explaining labour productivity, employment and output in the analysed period. However, its effects show significant variation between sectors and countries. In explaining this variation, the paper illustrates the importance of the relative strength of 'employment' and 'output' of automation, highlighting differences in trajectory between 'core' and 'periphery' automotive sectors within the OECD. The findings therefore lend credence to accounts which have argued that rather than automation per se, it is structural changes and crisis, in particular of output, which have had the most significant influence on manufacturing employment in the recent decades.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Dec 2025 16:07:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2604180</guid>
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      <title>Between geoeconomic competition and local embeddedness - how Chinese investors influence digitalisation in acquired German manufacturing companies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569711</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The growing economic and geopolitical importance of digital technologies and data, coupled with the Chinese Government's expressed ambition for Chinese companies to occupy a leading position in this domain, raises questions regarding the role of acquired foreign subsidiaries in realising this objective. Drawing on comparative capitalism research, this paper discusses how local institutions, investor strategies, and the aspirations of the Chinese Government interact to shape the digital transformation of manufacturing companies in Germany. It empirically investigates how digitalisation is unfolding in 15 German manufacturing companies with Chinese investors and enhances the understanding of the influence of Chinese MNCs on company-level digitalisation abroad. The eight companies that undertake digitalisation projects show that the German companies mainly control the digitalisation of processes while Chinese parent companies and subsidiaries in China play a key role in developing digital business models. This signals a shift in innovation patterns and changes in inter-firm relationships.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Oct 2025 16:53:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2569711</guid>
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      <title>Understanding the emergence of Chinese new energy carmakers - the perspective of productive model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582964</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines the emergence of Chinese carmakers in the global new energy vehicle (NEV) market through the framework of productive models (Boyer and Freyssenet, 2002). The authors observe that the competitive viability of Chinese NEV carmakers results from the joint endeavours of the government, industry stakeholders and the substantial market size, while highlighting the increasing influence of Chinese consumers, and the importance of leapfrogging towards the disruptive technology through the creation of ecosystem. To address these dynamics, the paper proposes an updated productive model that incorporates 'consumer' and 'technology and ecosystem' as integral components. A preliminary examination of BYD's productive model facilitates a comparative analysis of Taylorian, Fordian, and Toyotian paradigms, offering new insights into the evolution of productive models in the global automotive industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2025 16:58:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582964</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>How UAW and Ford, GM and Stellantis addressed US battery manufacturing work in 2023-2028 contracts</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The US auto industry is undergoing a transition to electric vehicles (EVs) that holds both promise and peril for autoworkers, their unions, and the communities in which they work. This research examines battery manufacturing in the US auto industry, the UAW's policy position on vehicle electrification, the 2023 UAW contract protections that address battery plant workers wages and job security with Ford, GM and Stellantis, and the first UAW agreement with a US battery manufacturer (GM-LG Joint Venture Ultium Cells LLC). The paper also explores the challenges and opportunities facing unions amid the global shift to electrified vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2025 16:58:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582965</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Revisiting foreign input exposure in the auto industry: Czechia meets China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582963</link>
      <description><![CDATA[What is the input exposure of the automotive industry to foreign countries, including China? This paper revisits the traditional question from international economics with an updated input-output dataset spanning 1995-2020 and a new taxonomy for foreign production exposure. The authors summarise stylised facts on the development of the EU automotive supply and value chains, adding knowledge on trade in inputs. The authors find that the Czech auto industry's total input exposure to China through gross trade flows in 2020 is 1.59 times higher than the directly observed exposure and reaches a 5.6% exposure level. The value-added input exposure also achieves a steadily growing trend in the observed period and the same significant acceleration within the last two observed years. Moreover, the authors show how Czech battery imports affect the trade balance with China and discuss the outlook for the Czech automotive industry with an almost non-existent domestic battery industry and its policy implications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2025 16:58:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582963</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Leveraging the CASE paradigm for inclusive and sustainable public transport: an economic evaluation of autonomous and on-demand services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582962</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study evaluates the integration of connected, autonomous, shared, and electric (CASE) vehicles in public transport, focusing on enhancing inclusivity, reducing environmental impacts, and promoting economic sustainability. It aims to address peri-urban mobility challenges by offering adaptable, on-demand transport solutions that improve connectivity and accessibility for underserved populations. Key contributions include: demonstrating how CASE vehicles can enhance social inclusion by providing flexible, reliable transport options, particularly in areas with limited traditional public transport; highlighting the potential of CASE vehicles to significantly lower carbon emissions and pollution, aligning with global sustainability goals; and evaluating the economic viability of autonomous transport solutions, showing how they can reduce operational costs and improve financial efficiency. The findings suggest that CASE paradigms can transform public transport networks into sustainable, inclusive, and economically viable systems, addressing the pressing mobility needs of modern urban landscapes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2025 16:58:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582962</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The changing geography of the automotive industry in an era of car electrification: a critical assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582961</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an era of car electrification, new players are emerging along the supply chain, peripheral countries are playing a more important role, and the position of integrator of incumbent car makers is being called into question. The aim of this paper is to take a critical look at the real transformations taking place in the global automotive industry. It scrutinises the renegotiation of the role of incumbent car makers in different parts of the world. It highlights three main trends. First, there are major and disruptive changes following the deployment of Chinese battery and EV makers. Second, the geography of the automobile industry has not been profoundly altered, and EVs accentuate the productive relocation to integrated peripheral nations. Third, Japan's position as an all-electric alternative highlights the path dependency historically built around policies targeting GHG emissions, hybrid technologies, and product policies designed by car and component makers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2025 16:58:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582961</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Disintegration, core competency, and industry structure: Chinese automotive OEMs in electrification and digitalisation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582960</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The article proposes a framework based on core competency to analyse the structure of China's electric vehicle (EV) industry. The authors treat the emerging EV industry as a complete and independent unit newly created, not a branch derived from the existing internal combustion engine (ICE) automotive industry. It is vertically disintegrated into three blocks: a battery industry, an intelligent and connected vehicle (ICV) sub-sector, and a segment composed of all EV original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). The authors discover that vertical disintegration and (re)integration are advancing rapidly and vertically specialised mass production has been consolidated in some key block. With the powerful rise of ICV industry ecosystem, loosely structured strategic alliances between major players of different industry seem to be the dominant form of vertically specialised production networks for the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 19 Sep 2025 16:58:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2582960</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The automotive sector at the end of the ICE age? Market insights to manage a new ecosystem</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577081</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The automotive ecosystem is experiencing a perfect storm where new technologies, new business models and sociological changes are bound to reshape the structure of the industry, leading to a new paradigm affecting strategies and performances of carmakers and actors of the supply chain. As electrification arguably represents the key factor of such transition, there is a need to shed light on market perceptions in terms of attitudes, expectations and concerns about electric vehicles. To this end, the authors performed a cross-national study based on primary data collected in two distinct markets: Brazil and Italy (N = 1,086). In presenting emerging results, the authors illustrate both common traits and specificities of the two contexts and the authors discuss the role of different legislative frameworks and public discourse in framing market sentiment, as to provide players with a solid informational background on which to shape their strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:54:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577081</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The development of subscription car service in Brazil</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577080</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Car subscription services in Brazil are offered both by vehicle manufacturers and independent rental companies (IRC). This study aims to structure the car subscription business model provided by vehicle manufacturers in Brazil using an exploratory-qualitative approach. The research involved participation from subscription program managers and car rental industry experts. The obtained results encompass the characterisation of the car subscription service and market in Brazil. Additionally, driving factors and barriers for the development of this business model were identified. Subsequently, the results were analysed and integrated into a new framework for the business model. These findings contribute to expanding the understanding of business models based on digital servitisation and provide insights for further research. The conclusions emphasise that the car subscription service in Brazil is on an upward trajectory; however, it still requires updates and adaptations to fully meet the demands of the consumer market.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:54:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577080</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Are we ready yet? Assessing Indonesia's readiness for transformative EV battery end-of-life management</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577079</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Indonesia has big ambitions to become a major player in the EV ecosystem, including EV batteries, but currently lacks a comprehensive system for managing its end-of-life phase. This research explores how end-of-life management for EV batteries can be effectively implemented in Indonesia by examining the country's regulatory, economic, and social readiness. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, in-depth interviews were conducted and analysed through content analysis based on pre-coded data. The readiness level is assessed by benchmarking Indonesia's EV battery ecosystem development against global best practices. The findings of this research indicate that several regulations need to be adjusted to place greater emphasis on end-of-life management for EV batteries. The secondary market for used EV batteries is also key to maximising their economic value. Additionally, raising public awareness about the importance of energy transition is essential to boosting demand for EV batteries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:54:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577079</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Empirical analysis, mapping and prioritisation of supply chain risk - Indian automotive context</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577078</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Supply chain risk management has become a crucial topic of interest for both academics and professionals, owing to the ever-changing and complex nature of the contemporary business environment. The challenges posed to sustainability have forced businesses to rethink their strategies, and it is imperative to prioritise supply chain risks to ensure their long-term success. This article aims to study the Indian automobile supply chain empirically and explores the various supply chain risks from the articles published between 2010 and 2024 and subsequent brainstorming sessions with 25 industry practitioners. After discussion and feedback from industry experts, an online survey was distributed to the industry professionals. A total of 100 responses were collected. Finally, the feedback from expert panels and survey results are used to calculate the risk priority number (RPN) to prioritise each risk using the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) approach. Based on RPN value, the risks are classified into three classes: high, medium and low. In their study, the authors found that the automobile industry is largely impacted by external supply chain risk, and therefore seeks the constant attention of industry experts to secure their supply chain from the adverse effect of these risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 08 Sep 2025 14:54:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2577078</guid>
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