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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>AIR TRAFFIC IMPLEMENTATION IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/652301</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the Asian and Pacific Regions construction of new airports, extensions of existing runways, and the installation of new air traffic control systems are taking place to keep up with the strong economic growth in the Pacific Rim. This, in turn, is causing a rapid growth in air traffic which is expected to reach an unprecedented level by the turn of the century. In dealing with this tremendous increase in air traffic, the use of new Communication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic Management through Multifunctional Transport Satellite Systems is indispensable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Apr 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/652301</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HIGH-FREQUENCY RADAR FOR OCEAN AND ICE MAPPING AND SHIP LOCATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/391603</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Partial contents: A Review of Remote Sensing of Sea-Surface Conditions by HF Radar and Design Considerations for Narrow-Beam Systems; Remote Sensing with the JINDALEE Skywave Radar; Frequency Management Support for Remote Sea-State Sensing Using the JINDALEE Skywave Radar; Detection of Meteorological Fronts over the North Sea with Valensole Skywave Radar; Two Tests of Real-Time Ocean Wave- Height Mapping with HF Skywave Radar; An Experiment Investigation of Skywave Sea-State Radar Techniques at a Latitude Near the Auroral Zone; Ship Detection with High-Resolution HF Skywave Radar; On the Application of HF Ocean Radar to the Observation of Temporal and Spatial Changes in Wind Direction; HF Radar Measurement of Ocean Wave Parameters During NURWEC; Tidal and Storm-Surge Measurements with Single-Site CODAR; HF Radar Observations of Arctic Pack-Ice Breakup; Remote Sensing of Icebergs by Ground-Wave Doppler Radar; An Analytical Model for the HF Backscattered Doppler Spectrum for the Ocean Surface.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/391603</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACE-BASED ICE-RADAR IMAGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/397300</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is shown how the Bayes classification procedure can be applied to discriminating between various types of sea ice imaged on surface- based marine radars. It is suggested that there is sufficient information in the reflectivity to classify the different ice forms by using decision-theoretic pattern recognition techniques.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/397300</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>POSITION DETERMINATION AT SEA USING LOW-FREQUENCY RADIO WAVES--THE EFFECT OF A NEARBY MOUNTAIN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/397301</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Measurements of direction-finding (DF) error in position determination based on low-frequency (LF) radio waves were made at sea employing the Decca navigation system. The measured DF error is found to be large when a mountain is nearby. Assuming the mountain to be a hemisphere with complex dielectric constant, the DF error is evaluated using electrostatic theory. Analytical predictions of the expected position error caused by the mountain's presence are qualitatively in fairly good agreement with measured values. In connection with this, fluctuations of the electric field intensities are also described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/397301</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MODELING OF THE NONLINEAR DRIFT OSCILLATIONS OF MOORED VESSELS SUBJECT TO NON-GAUSSIAN RANDOM SEA-WAVE EXCITATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/397577</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The nonlinear response of moored vessels in random seas is modeled using a quadratic system model based on Volterra series representation. The central idea is the representation of the relationship between the incident sea wave (input) and corresponding vessel sway response (output) by a parallel combination of linear and quadratic transfer functions estimated from processing input and output data. The restriction, in previous approaches, that the random input must be Gaussian, is removed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/397577</guid>
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      <title>ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE--DEFINITION AND PRACTICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/400465</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new class of computer systems has emerged that makes extensive use of the fact that computers operate equally well in processing either numbers or symbols. The best known of these are the expert systems coming into wide use in industry. The research from which these systems are derived is called artificial intelligence. This article presents an overview of the field, with definitions, recommendations, and an example. A definition of terms is presented, followed by a brief history. Potential roles that a symbolic processing system might play are discussed, highlighting those that have been most successfully used. The discussion of tools includes an evaluation of the kinds of systems for which they seem to be best suited. The implementation effort is discussed in detail, because it has often been underestimated. Commitment of key personnel is a recurrent problem, and the evocation of key elements of the knowledge used represents an especially difficult problem. Therefore, the issues of knowledge acquisition and knowledge representation are discussed in some detail. Current arguments about the best language to use, such as the choice between Lisp and Prolog, are addressed. A practical example illustrates how various elements of the technology can be blended to achieve a useful autonomous underwater vehicle. The paper closes with a discussion of current research issues, including the types of machines being investigated. The strengths and potential of parallel architectures and neural net machines are briefly discussed, because of their potential impact on the field of all processing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/400465</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>WIND-WAVE GENERATION OF OCEAN CURRENT: ON MODEL IDENTIFICATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/400468</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stochastic models based upon inertial fluctuations forced by Stokes drift and wind stress may give apparently accurate predictions of surface current. A parameter estimation procedure that gives subjectively reasonable results may therefore also be found. Objective model identification, however, turns out to be difficult. An estimation model capable of following large-scale model errors is necessary for reasonably accurate parameter estimates. Still, the inertial oscillation damping is easily overestimated. The Stokes drift effect appears to be smaller than the wind stress effect. The latter appears to be uncertain.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/400468</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SOUND REVERBERATION AND ELECTROMAGNETIC CLUTTER: SPECIAL ISSUE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/401279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The articles in this special issue on sound reverberation and electromagnetic clutter are: "Diffraction by a Hard Truncated Wedge and a Strip," "Acoustic Scattering from Composite Wind-Wave Surfaces in 'Bubble-Free' Regimes," "Adaptive Processing of Microwave Sea Echo for the Suppression of Strong Reflections from Scatterers," "A Statistical Study of Acoustic Signals Backscattered from the Sea Bottom," "Seafloor Profiling by a Wideband Sonar: Simulation, Frequency-Response Optimization and Results of a Brief Sea Test," and "Ocean Acoustic Tomography: Estimating the Acoustic Travel Time with Phase."]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/401279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>REVIEW AND STATUS OF REMOTE SENSING OF SEA ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/401603</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The status of obtaining geophysical observations through the interpretation of satellite data over sea ice is discussed. It is pointed out that the community working in this area has grown in size and sophistication over the last decade, that the connection between microscopic properties of ice and its microwave behavior is now being understood, and that a good deal of accurate satellite- derived information on sea ice can now be obtained. Areas of ongoing, as well as needed, work are outlined, especially in the understanding of first-year and old-ice microwave properties, and it is pointed out that the efficient advance of remote sensing will require the more active participation of scientists focused on in situ studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/401603</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>STRESS AND STRAIN INSTRUMENTS DEVELOPED FOR FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/401604</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Field measurements of the loads exerted by sea ice on offshore structures make up an important part of the exploration strategy for oil and gas in Arctic areas. This paper describes the instruments developed and operational experience gained in the measurement of strain rates and stresses in floating sea ice to indicate the total "global" loads occurring naturally against an artificial island or similar structure.  The loading conditions studied included slow- moving winter first-year ice at Tarsiut, Mukluk, and Kaubvik Islands in the Beaufort Sea, freely-moving multiyear summer ice at Hans Island and a pack-ice mixture at Katie's Floeberg. The instruments were also deployed on a surging glacier on Spitzbergen in Norway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/401604</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OPTIMAL ESTIMATION OF SHIP'S ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE RATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/147326</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Estimation of ship rotational motions induced by ocean waves plays a central role in many navigation and fire control applications.  Inertial-type instruments are available which give good measurements of the attitude, but some form of signal processing is necessary to obtain angular rates or predict attitudes.  Using optimal moving-average (or transversal) filters, good estimates of attitude rates as well as predictions of these values can be obtained.  Filter parameters can be changed adaptively to maintain good performance as the ship changes heading or velocity.  The problem of designing these optimal filters is examined and numerical results are given for a particular set of conditions.  Two implementations of the adaptive filter are discussed.  One is based on a recursive estimation of the process autocorrelations, with the filter coefficients recomputed at periodic intervals or whenever nonstationary conditions are detected.  The second implementation is based on B. Widrow's LMS algorithm.  Both alternatives for the adaptive filter implementation are reasonable in terms of their computational requirements.  The steady-state performance analysis can be considered to be a lower bound on the errors incurred by an adaptive filter.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/147326</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MARINE SENSORS FOR OPEN SEA BERTH TERMINALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/92088</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this paper is to present the trend and a predictable evolution in ship mooring and harbor engineering and to recommend the development of an integrated system of marine sensors for open sea berth terminals.  The evolution toward the open sea berth type terminal is the result of a number of factors, which all may not have been fully mastered in the past but are now within the grasp of existing technology.  These are: 1) a better knowledge of the sea environments (wind, wave, current statistics); 2) a systematic use of flexible dolphins, flexible fenders, nylon tails, constant tension winches (on board or fixed on berth), and flexible loading arms (Chicksan); and 3) an understanding of moored ship dynamics by use of mathematical model and/or scale model.  Based on these, it would then appear that the cost of breakwater cannot be justified in many cases.  The development of operational port code based on real-time operational sensors of all the critical elements will further enhance the safety of operations at berth.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/92088</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVOLUTION OF A COMPUTER-BASED RIVER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/92089</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The special nature of river systems is considered.  It is reported here how a British river management system identified the data and control objectives and the approach made to combine these objectives to an integrated communications and data acquisition system by radio telemetry.  Important details about the telecommunication and the control system are described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 15 Sep 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/92089</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHOD FOR REMOTE DETECTION OF OIL SPILLS USING LASER-EXCITED RAMAN BACKSCATTERING AND BACKSCATTERED FLUORESCENCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/71542</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A laser method for the remote detection of oil present as a pollutant in the sea water using Raman backscattering and backscattered fluorescence is discussed.  The scattering spectra of oils obtained by using a laser Raman spectrometer that employs a cw Ar laser are described.  The backscattering spectra of oils obtained by a laser radar technique in the laboratory and the field are considered. The performance of a laser radar with a cw laser or a pulsed laser for the detection of Raman backscattering of kerosene is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Jun 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/71542</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HARBOR SURVEILLANCE RADAR DETECTION PERFORMANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/73368</link>
      <description><![CDATA[System requirements for harbor surveillance radars are reviewed.  Experimental sea clutter data are presented and shown to be closely matched by a log-normal clutter model. Characteristics and parameters of the log-normal clutter model are described.  Detection performance against a steady target in a log-normal clutter background, using logarithmic receivers, is provided.  A log-normal target model is described.  Detection curves for log-normal fluctuating targets in log-normal clutter are developed.  A Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) processor that adaptively functions in log-normal clutter is described.  CFAR detection performance is derived and presented in the form of CFAR loss curves.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Jun 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/73368</guid>
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