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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>RISK AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS AT DIFFERENT PROJECT PHASES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/741999</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The scope of this paper is to discuss and exemplify the use of risk, safety and reliability analyses and decision support in engineering and structural engineering. The application is illustrated by examples from the practical use in different phases of a project - from the first idea until decommissioning. The  exemplification is based on a brief presentation of the framework for risk analyses and risk  management. Focus is given to safety consideration in support of decision taking into account all criteria necessary for achieving a trade-off, which is an optimum with respect to the aims of the decision-maker. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/741999</guid>
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      <title>HAZARDS AND CONTROLLING THE RISKS TO STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742000</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Perspectives of the hazards and associated risks to structures have widened since the formation of the Standing Committee on Structural Safety (commonly known as SCOSS) in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1976. Today there is generally recognition that structural failure is rarely, if ever, just a technical issue. Rather the achievement and maintenance of the safety of structures is seen as a complex, but not self-contained, process. It is an integral part of the whole range of processes in the systems for the procurement, maintenance and repair of structures. This paper briefly describes some developments in understanding the hazards and controlling the risks to structural safety. It draws on the work of the Committee whose main task is to identify, in advance, trends and developments in the processes that may contribute to increasing structural risk. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742000</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SAFETY-BASED BRIDGE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742001</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a practical 10-phase approach for establishing safety-based bridge maintenance management plans for existing bridges based on probabilistic techniques. The purpose of the management plan is to extend the service lifetime defined as the time until the required safety level can no longer be satisfied. The idea is to apply a probabilistic format for the individual bridge, which does not necessarily have to fulfil the specific requirements of a general code as long as the overall level of safety defined by the code is satisfied. The approach is presented including description of a probability-based safety modelling for critical failure modes, modelling of stochastic variables, calculation of the safety of the non-deteriorated and deteriorated bridge, analysis of various actions and finally establishment of the cost-optimal safety-based bridge maintenance management plan. The approach has proven its practical worth on actual bridges owned by the Danish Road Directorate with savings of more than 10 million Euros. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742001</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A METHOD FOR SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT OF PORT FACILITIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During recent earthquakes the poor seismic performance of seaports has resulted in billions of dollars of losses. Seaports are critical nodes in regional transportation networks and can have important to the economy of the area. In this paper a general port seismic risk model is developed that provides information on potential direct and indirect economic losses from potential failure of facilities and operations at a port. The model is composed of two independent components: the vulnerability model and the port operations model. The vulnerability model produce a set of post-event damage states for port components, corresponding repair times and direct repair costs. The port operations model is a discreteevent simulation that estimates ship arrivals, waiting times and the number of diverted ships. The output from this model is the expected loss of revenue due to downtime. The model is illustrated through an example application. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742002</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SEISMIC DAMAGE EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR BRIDGE STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742003</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, an evaluation method for multiple damage states of bridge structural system due to strong earthquake is proposed. Then, the bridge structures were divided into each structural element such as piles, footings, piers, bearings, restrainers, super structures, etc. from a systematic point of view, and these elements are interacted each other. Therefore, probability of multiple damage states of structural elements are evaluated by Marcov-chain model based on a damage transition probability matrix which can include damage interaction between the elements. The probability of multi-damage-states for the bridges with countermeasures against earthquakes such as strengthening work for pier, base isolation and fuse type bearing is calculated, and improvement in earthquake resistance of these bridges was estimated quantitatively. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742003</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ASPECTS OF SAFETY IN DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT OF DETERIORATING STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742004</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aspects of formulating safety formats for the design and assessment of structures subject to deterioration processes are discussed. With basis in the load and resistance factor design (LRFD)  safety format focus is given to highlight the interrelation between the design values for resistance variables and the statistical characteristics of the predicted degradation. The effect of inspections and maintenance on the safety of deteriorating structures is illustrated and it is shown how this effect may be taken into account when determining the design values for resistance variables. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742004</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GENERATING SITE-SPECIFIC VEHICLE DATA USING MONTE-CARLO</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the determination of traffic load models for long-span bridges, i.e. bridges with span lengths larger than 200 meters, Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) measurements were conducted under a long period of time in different parts of Sweden. In this work, vehicle data that can represent the results from the WIM measurements are generated using the Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation technique. For the MC simulation a limited amount of WIM data in combination with the actual traffic composition are used. Vehicle queues, with different lengths, are formed based on both the collected and the simulated vehicle data. Moreover, each queue's weight per unit length is calculated from which the distributions for queue weight are determined. The results, presented and compared in the form of histograms and probability distribution functions, show very good agreement. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742005</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CALIBRATION OF TRAFFIC DESIGN LOADS FOR LONG-SPAN BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To calibrate the NADs (The National Application Documents) in each European country there is a need to know the real loads in the countries since the composition of the traffic differs between the different countries. Special for Sweden and the other Nordic countries are the high allowed traffic loads for single trucks and the long total length of lorries. In Sweden, trucks with a total gross weight of 60 tons and a length of 24 m are allowed mainly due to the need for timber transport. An other problem is that the Eurocode 1 only gives design loads for bridges with a loaded length up to 200 m. For longer bridges the Eurocode states that a special investigation should be performed in each case. To do this for large bridges, measurements have been performed at different locations in Sweden during the period 1994 to 1997. The measurements are performed using the Weigh-in-motion technique (WIM). The evaluation of the data as a basis for the appropriate design loads, shortly presented in this paper, is done by a method developed by Prof. Lars Oestlund. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742006</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LEVEL III RELIABILITY METHODS FEASIBLE FOR COMPLEX STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742007</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes the comparison between three types of reliability methods: code type level I used by a designer, full level I and a level III method. Two cases that are typical for civil engineering practise, a cable-stayed bridge subjected to traffic load and the installation of a soil retaining sheet pile wall, have been analysed with the three reliability methods and conclusions are drawn with respect to accuracy and computational effort. As expected the level III method uses more computational effort than a code type level I method. It is however shown that in practise, the effort for the level III reliability method is only slightly more than used in a full level I method. For new kind of structures and/or materials, where there is only little experience, a level III methods is then to be preferred above the level I method because it gives direct insight into the structural reliability and decisive parameters. Besides the structures will either be safer or more economically build in comparison to structures designed using the level I safety factors. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742007</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE-BASED SEISMIC DESIGN FOR PORT STRUCTURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Seismic design for port and harbour structures has recently been updated where the performance-based philosophy was introduced. This allows a certain degree of damage in a structure depending on its required functions. This paper briefly introduces the new idea of the design consideration and presents examples of the ways of performance verification. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742008</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RELIABILITY OF BRIDGES: HYDRAULIC ASPECTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742009</link>
      <description><![CDATA[General approaches for the development of basic bridge design requirements for safety against floods are reviewed. This paper describes current design practice and development of design criteria aimed to reduce failure probability due to flooding. We discuss some of the reviews and studies which have been performed to characterise, with regard to design flood frequency, the reliability of bridges subjected to flood action. Finally we mention several important issues in determination of flood design requirements for temporary structures used in the performance of bridge construction operations. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742009</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MODELLING AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFIC LOADS ON RAILWAY BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742010</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper studies the static traffic load effect of increasing the permissible axle loads from the current 22.5 to 25 tonnes, i.e. the fatigue effects from the increased axle loads have not been considered. The paper shows that, from purely static load considerations, this may be permitted on simply supported span bridges between 8 and 30metres, provided the bridges themselves were designed to the worst case of load model 71 or load model SW/2, [1]. The paper details a traffic-load model used for computer based Monte-Carlo simulations. It shows the resulting moment distribution at mid-span for a variety of simply supported beams due to this traffic model. The paper also details results from Weigh-in-Motion stations located at two positions in Sweden and compares these measured data with those of the traffic model. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742010</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROBABILISTIC ASSESSMENT OF ROADWAY AND RAILWAY VIADUCTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742011</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper presents a probabilistic procedure for evaluation of the structural safety of roadway and railway viaducts and its application to the viaducts of two major river crossings located over the Parana river in Argentina. The proposed procedure, that leads to the reliability indexes of the bridges as a measure of their structural safety, was applied for evaluation of the most critical sections and loading conditions of both roadway and railway viaducts, and its results compared with those of a deterministic evaluation. The analyses performed take into account the real loading conditions as described by actual measured data of roadway and railway traffic, as well as the results of inspections and tests performed on the present properties of the materials and parameters of structural performance obtained through dynamic tests. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742011</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VEHICLE COLLISION LOADING CRITERIA FOR BRIDGE PIERS AND PARAPETS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742012</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Deterministic criteria for the assessment of existing bridge piers and parapets to withstand vehicle collision loading are developed and presented in terms of reduction factors to be applied to design standard loading. Traffic speed profiles for cars and heavy good vehicles (HGVs) are derived for various categories of road using published transport statistics, from which deterministic maximum vehicle travel speeds appropriate for each road type are selected. If these are lower than the maximum provided for in design standards, the impact forces are scaled down accordingly. The reasons for adopting an essentially deterministic (as opposed to risk based) approach are discussed. The implications of using the assessment criteria in lieu of design standards to assess and maintain existing bridge piers and parapets on the trunk road network and other roads in Great Britain are considered. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742012</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROBABILITY-BASED SHIP IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF BRIDGES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/742013</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes a practical procedure of ship impact assessment of existing bridges developed by RAMBOLL in co-operation with the Danish Road Directorate. The procedure, which is based on risk and reliability analyses, has in practice been very cost-efficient at more than 15 Danish bridges. The paper includes a description of the applied decision procedure in the assessment, an overall description of the involved techniques and a schematic presentation of the results. (A) For the covering abstract see ITRD E121600.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Oct 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/742013</guid>
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