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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Epidemiological Study of Fatal and Non-Fatal Glider Accidents in the US, 2001-2005</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851706</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although gliders have become increasingly popular over the past few decades, glider accidents are not well-represented in aviation crash studies.  This study seeks to determine factors typical to fatal and nonfatal glider accidents and applies these findings to suggest preventive measures and improvements.  A retrospective review of data was conducted from National Transportation Safety Board glider accident reports from 2001-2005.  In this period, 26 fatal and 117 nonfatal glider accidents were reported.  Factors contributing to accidents frequently depended on the flight phase in which the accident occurred.  Pilot error in flight planning and aircraft control was the most frequent cause of accidents.  Fatal accidents were always pilot-related and mostly occurred during the cruise phase.  Blunt trauma effectuated by high acceleration forces during vertical impact was the primary cause of death.  Fatal accidents were more likely to occur in amateur-built gliders.  Adverse weather conditions were the cause of 20% of all accidents, but resulted in no fatalities.  The findings suggest amateur-built glider owners need to be better educated regarding glider specifications and design.  Further research also is needed regarding inflatable protection gear suited to compensate high deceleration forces at impact in glider crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:22:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851706</guid>
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      <title>Requirements for a Revised Syllabus to Train Pilots in the Use of Advanced Flight Deck Automation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851702</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The UK Civil Aviation Authority has recently commissioned a study to review concerns that pilots of highly automated aircraft rely so much on the use of automation that they may respond inappropriately to problems when the automated systems fail or are in error.  The research identified a gap between the procedural knowledge required to operate highly automated aircraft and the level of declarative and procedural knowledge which is provided by current training processes.  The requirements to address this gap are identified and a proposed structure for training on highly automated aircraft is presented.  This revised automation training syllabus would provide the required knowledge, but in a manner building directly upon the existing basic flying skills and procedural knowledge acquired by pilots in their earliest stages of training.  This approach treats automation as a tool by which the aircraft is flown, rather than as an aircraft management system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:22:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851702</guid>
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      <title>Long-Term Prediction of Stress Resistance in Air Traffic Controllers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Stress resistance is the capability of dealing with stressful situations in such a way that control is maintained and the objective achieved.  This paper examines whether a stress resistance diagnosis during selection of air traffic controller applicants can reliably cover relevant stress-related aspects of task performance on the job.  A total of 21 experienced subjects had data from their initial selection test battery combined with data from recent simulation exercises.  Results show that the stress resistance rating data from selection did show significant correlations with some physiological measures of stress, while results of cognitive performance tests did not.  On the contrary, test results representing cognitive performance showed significant correlations with some of the data on perceived workload and stress, whereas stress resistance data from selection did not.  These findings underscore the importance of sound methods and high standards in the selection of air traffic controllers to ensure both the training success and long-term career of  applicants.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:22:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851689</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cognitive Skill Correlates of the Automated Pilot Selection System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851691</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Royal Netherlands Air Force uses a simulator-based assessment procedure, a relatively expensive method compared to general skill and ability tests, to select student pilots.  This paper reports on a study aimed at identifying cognitive abilities related to performance in the simulator task and whether ability tests that are predictive of performance can be used to improve the predictive validity and cost efficiency of the selection system.   Study participants were administered an ability test battery and also completed the flight simulator selection test.  Results showed that the validity of the skills and ability measures in predicting simulation performance was limited.    No incremental validity was found for additional spatial tests and contradictory results were found for measures of mathematical ability.  The findings suggest that more valid and directly relevant general ability tests should be developed for the selection process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:22:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851691</guid>
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      <title>Reliability of Assessors' Competence Ratings in Air Traffic Control Training</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Luchtverkeersleiding Nederland, which is responsible for air traffic control in the Netherlands, has designed a competence-based assessment system for air traffic controller training.  In this paper, inter-rater agreement and rating errors (leniency and severity, range restriction and central tendency, halo errors) were examined to evaluate the reliability of assessor's ratings.  The findings have shown that assessors' competence ratings were interchangeable to a certain extent while rating errors were minimally present.  Although assessors agree with each other in overall performance level, they do not necessarily completely agree in singular competences.  The reliability of simulator tests was higher than the reliability of progression reports filled in over time.  As a result of these findings, refresher training of assessors has been organized to reduce the occurrence of rating errors and to increase inter-rater agreement.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:22:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851688</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Characteristics of Non-Fatal General Aviation Crashes in Australia: Insights from Insurance Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851705</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study uses data from three aviation insurers to analyze nonfatal general aviation crashes in Australia over an 18-month period.  Finding show that crashes during personal flying were the most frequent of all general aviation accidents (37%), particularly during landing and taxi phases of flight.  Performance issues related to aircraft control and aircrew decision making were noted in 76% and 38% of landing crashes respectively, and often occurred in the presence of underlying factors related to psychological states and training.  These findings also demonstrate that, despite some limitations, insurance data can be useful in supporting meaningful safety analyses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:22:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851705</guid>
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      <title>Using Grounded Theory Techniques to Develop Models of Aviation Student Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851703</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Narrative reports written after flying or simulator sorties provide a potentially rich source of student performance data in most aviation training organizations.  This paper describes how grounded theory technique, developed by Glasser and Strauss (1967), was used to perform sampling and analysis of such data to develop a model of student performance.  A case study from the military flight training domain is used to illustrate the technique.  In the complete performance model, situation awareness, decision making and action categories are broken down into their sub-components.  The central feature of the model is the constant repetition of the development of situation awareness, leading to decision-making and subsequent actions.  The student performance model developed in this paper appears to be highly consistent with published models of air combat and situation awareness.  The findings from this study suggest that the grounded theory technique is well suited to the analysis of qualitative performance data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:21:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851703</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Half-Century Quest to Improve US Air Traffic Control Specialist Selection: Are We There Yet?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851685</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A two-stage process is used to select employees for safety-related occupations such as air traffic controllers:  1) "select-in," determining who has the right aptitude and motivation; and 2) "select-out," assessing who represents a potential medical/occupational risk.  This paper describes how the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) uses this two-stage process to select candidates for its air traffic control specialist program.  Over the years, the FAA has modified its battery of tests, known as the air traffic selection and training battery, to ensure fairness to all applications, efficiency and safety.  Using validated selection instruments, both select-in and select-out, in tandem is the key to meeting these goals.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:21:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851685</guid>
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      <title>Applicant Reactions and Attitudes Towards the Selection Procedure in the Norwegian Air Force</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Applicants to the pilot program of the Norwegian Air Force undergo a multi-step selection process.  This study examines the pilot applicants' attitudes toward this selection procedure, and seeks to determine if there is a relationship between these attitudes and test performance.  Another aim was to compare the different methods used in terms of perceived validity, invasiveness and fairness.  A questionnaire was distributed to 107 applicants to the pilot program in the Norwegian Air Force.  Results show that applicants were generally positive toward the selection process, especially regarding how they were treated and the perceived fairness of the procedures.   The candidates' perceptions of fairness were mostly predicted by perceptions of predictive validity.  There were some correlations between actual test performance and some of the attitude scales.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:21:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Application of Frequency Analysis Based Performance Measures as an Adjunct to Flight Path Derived Measures of Pilot Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Measures such as the arithmetic mean error and standard deviation of error are commonly used to assess the magnitude of errors between the tracked parameter and a target value when evaluating pilot performance. Although these measures have strong validity when associated with a well-prescribed flight task that demands a high level of performance, there can be a certain dissociation between the control input behavior of the pilot and the flight path response of the aircraft, particularly in large transport types with relatively high inertia and stability.  This study uses frequency-based metrics based on pilot control inputs as an adjunct to these commonly used measures to evaluate performance.  Using both types of measures, findings demonstrate how the performance of 12 cadet pilots changed while undertaking a 40-hour jet orientation course on a flight training device.  The results show that variation in the flight path is reduced as the cadet pilots progress through the course.  At the later stages of the course, the control strategy used is characterized by more frequent but smaller amplitude control inputs.  These findings suggest that frequency-based measures can provide a sensitive measure of pilot performance when directly applied to control input data, and can be a useful adjunct to more traditional measures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:21:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851704</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Rater Training for an Assessment Centre in Air Traffic Controller Selection: Development and Evaluation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/851686</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Assessment centers have proven to be a successful approach for the appraisal of interpersonal competencies in air traffic controllers (ATCs).  To ensure standardization and quality of ratings, assessors who participate in the selection process must be adequately trained.  This paper describes the development and evaluation of computer-based training tools for assessors in an assessment center.  The paper specifically highlights the approach of the German Aerospace Centre for the examination of interpersonal skills in ATC selection for Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH, the company responsible for German air traffic control.  The main empirical findings on construct and criterion validity of the assessment center are summarized.  The development of a computer-based rater training tool as well as evaluation data of the training concept are illustrated.  The results of the evaluation show that quality of assessment, as examined by three different measures, increases and social validity (i.e., acceptance of target group) is achieved using the computer-based training tools.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 23 Apr 2008 09:21:17 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/851686</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Leadership and Followership in Aviation: Cross-Organisational Comparison of Concepts in Civilian and Military Multi-Crew Flight Deck Cultures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/842419</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper examines issues related to leadership and followership in aviation by comparing the cultures of civilian and military multi-crew flight deck operations.  The implications of the organization regarding professional group behavior, team building, communication and crew resource management (CRM) are considered.  Opportunities to enhance effectiveness and safety are identified.  Although CRM is an important tool for enhancing leadership and followership qualities, this concept currently is not fully understood or widely accepted within the military environment.  More effort needs to be made by the military  to implement CRM and leadership and followership training.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2007 07:36:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/842419</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predictive Information on the Flight Deck: A Survey of Pilot Views</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/842418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although there are clear benefits to presenting predictive information on flight decks, its implementation is less clear.  This paper reports on an online survey of 50 current commercial aircraft pilots concerning the efficacy of predictive information on the flight deck of civil aircraft.  The survey had four parts concerning:  (1) type and format of predictive information; (2) timing of predictive information; (3)  prediction notifications, reminders and updates; and (4)  pilots' level of agreement with general statements concerning predictive information presentation and safety.   Results showed that most pilots were strongly in favor of predictive information, particularly as an aid to  diagnostics and decision-making.  Some concern was expressed about excessive information presentation.  These findings suggest that finding a balance between optimal predictive information presentation and information overload minimization is crucial in implementing predictive information tools on the flight deck.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2007 07:36:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/842418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>From Threat and Error Management (TEM) to Resilience</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/842420</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to better prepare flight crews with the coordinative and cognitive ability to handle both routine and unforeseen anomalies, threat and error management (TEM) has become a crucial component of pilot licensing regulations.  In this paper, the authors argue against a possible technicalization of TEM as if there were objective variables in the environment that determine particular responses.  The authors show instead that the social processes by which the most persuasive rendering of a threat or error is constituted says more about a crew's ability to handle diversity and adversity that any successful outcome.  The authors propose a differentiation between technical and normative failures, a division that has ramifications for how TEM can be taught.  A set of key indicators is developed for those resilient crews that can recognize, adapt to, and absorb threats and disturbances beyond what was taught in training settings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2007 07:36:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/842420</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Hybrid Fuzzy-Belief Network (HFBN) for Modelling Aviation Safety Risk Factors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/842416</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current analytical risk models of operationally significant events in the aviation domain often lack the ability to produce meaningful and relevant management recommendations since multiple causalities of known and sometimes unknown risk factors need to be analyzed in an integrated systematic fashion.  This paper presents a new, combined analytical approach for risk modeling of aviation events.  The hybrid approach combines features from fuzzy set theory, with its emphasis on expressing vagueness, with the probabilistic formalism of a Bayesian belief network that captures uncertainty aspects.  The resulting hybrid fuzzy-belief network (HFBN) provides an enriched analytical framework with the expressive power to capture the complex realities of aviation events.  A wake turbulence encounter scenario is used to validate the proposed model.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2007 07:36:30 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/842416</guid>
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