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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Fire Resistance Analysis of Open Car Parks with Composite Structures Under Real Car Fire</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159848</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In one of recent European research projects, the fire behaviour of steel and concrete composite structures has been investigated with help of real fire tests on full scale structures. The experimental evidence shows that fire protection of steel and concrete composite structure is not necessary under car fires if certain conditions are met. Further to this project, based on a 3D numerical modelling validated against the experimental results within this research project, a parametric study according to a specific fire safety engineering approach was performed in France with the objective of developing a practical design guide for open car parks using unprotected steel and concrete composite structures. The principle of the engineering procedure mentioned above, the results of this parametric study and the corresponding design guide will be presented and discussed in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Sep 2024 09:43:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159848</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Shear Resistance of Concrete Bridge Decks in Tension</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159846</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In concrete slabs of composite structures tension forces may occur, exceeding the tension forces in reinforced or prestressed structures. Deck slabs of composite bridges are often completely cracked, even under service loading. Those cracks have to transmit the shear forces induced by concentrated loads such as wheel loads. Laboratory experiments have been carried out by the Institute of Structural Design at the University of Stuttgart, to thoroughly study the shear resistance of composite slabs cracked by tension stresses. A numerical model on the basis of the finite element method has been verified by the test results and used to investigate the influence of different parameters on the shear strength. A new concept has been developed modelling the shear failure mechanism of slabs in tension. The results yielded a design equation rendering realistic values for the shear capacity of reinforced concrete slabs in tension.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Sep 2024 09:43:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159846</guid>
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      <title>The Nelson Mandela Bridge as an Example of the Use of Composite Materials in Bridge Construction in South Africa</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159852</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Nelson Mandela Bridge is a landmark quality structure suspended across a maze of railway tracks connecting Braamfontein with the suburb of Newtown in the city of Johannesburg. The bridge carries a 10.6m wide, two-way, single lane roadway with 1.5m wide pedestrian walkways both sides of the roadway. The site conditions required a 284m long cable stayed bridge with a 176m main span and side-spans of 42m and 66m, The resulting asymmetric cable stayed structure has an instantly recognisable profile, which will be associated with Johannesburg all over the world. The Nelson Mandela Bridge is an example of the structural use of both steel and concrete in composite construction. The composite construction is utilised both for the pylons and the main span deck and represents a significant departure from the reinforced concrete bridges common in Southern Africa. This paper will concentrate on the composite components of this bridge and discuss some practical design and construction aspects.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Sep 2024 09:43:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159852</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Partial-Interaction Fatigue Assessment of Continuous Composite Steel-Concrete Bridge Beams</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the introduction of mechanical forms of shear connection in the 1950s to provide the composite action in steel-concrete beams, engineers typically assume full-interaction behaviour because of its simplicity and conservativeness with respect to the fatigue design of the shear connection. However, as the need to assess bridges increases for increased allowable live loads, remedial work or extended lives, so too does the need for improved analytical assessment techniques. This paper presents the simplified tiered assessment technique for continuous composite steel-concrete beams quantifying the decrease in the stress range resisted by the shear connection and the increase in the flexural stress allowing for partial-interaction. The advantages of this technique are its relative simplicity and applicability to continuous beams of any number of spans and variable span lengths, cross-section and connector distribution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Sep 2024 09:43:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159139</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Short Span Modular Composite Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159838</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A modular concept is presented for short span composite bridges that is based on simple to place prefabricated steel modules. No steel work is required on site. It allows multi-span multi lane elevated roads. Various concrete deck types can be used, from prefabricated over hybrid to cast-in-place solutions. Reinforcing and formwork is greatly simplified by the absence of concrete cross-beams. Hogging moments can be adjusted by the choice of reinforcement allowing for an easy optimization of the moment distribution. The simple moment connections are very efficient but need further investigations with respect to fatigue. A gap between cross beams of adjacent modules requires a gasket which principle is well established but needs detailed design. Because it greatly simplifies the concrete work and moves all steel work into the shop, this concept is superior in economy over other solutions and competitive to prestressed concrete for short-span and elevated road bridges.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 21 Sep 2024 09:43:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159838</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measurements during Construction and Launching of a 130 m Span Length Composite Bridge</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159899</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Launching is a well-known, elegant and proven method for the erection of steel structures such as bridges. However, when the structure to be erected is of a particularly large span, with large and slender section dimensions, special attention must be given to the manner in which the support reactions are introduced into the thin girder webs. This contribution presents the considerations given and the particular actions taken in respect of the launch of the "Vaux Viaduct" over two large spans of 130 m. The monitoring of the support reactions in real time, along with the capability of correcting them, facilitated the rapid and safe erection of the steel portion of the viaduct structure. Web stresses and deformations were also measured in order to complement the support reaction data. Measurements taken during the introduction of the longitudinal prestressing in the concrete slab and temperature measurements taken during hydration of the concrete are also reported.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 15:28:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159899</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Inelastic Behavior of a Continuous Composite Box-Girder Bridge with Prefabricated Slabs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159860</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For the construction of open-topped steel box girder bridges, prefabricated concrete slab could offer several advantages over cast-in-situ deck including good quality control, fast construction, and elimination of the formwork for concrete slab casting. However, precast decks with unreinforced joints should be designed to prevent the initiation of cracking at the joints, because the performance of the joint is especially crucial for the integrity of a structural system. In this paper, experimental results on a 20m-20m continuous composite bridge model with precast decks are presented. Internal tendons and external tendons were used to prevent cracking at the joints. Judging from the inelastic behavior of the bridge model, external prestressing in negative moment regions could offer better performance in terms of cracking and flexural stiffness. Simple plastic analysis was carried out to estimate the ultimate flexural capacity of the continuous bridge, and the incremental prestress of external cables after cracking was estimated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 15:28:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159860</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Concrete Cracking on Composite Bridge Behaviour</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159887</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Concrete cracking has implications, not only for durability, but also for the mechanical behaviour of steel-concrete composite bridges. This paper presents a study of this influence on mechanical behaviour under non-monotonic service loading using the results of tests on composite beams and also by means of a theoretical approach. Three cracked composite beams, each measuring 7.2 m in length, were tested and a non-linear numerical model was developed. The model was used to evaluate the differences between the real behaviour of continuous composite bridges and the behaviour determined with a simple model that does not consider the influence of the cracked concrete. The tests and the non-linear model demonstrate that tension stiffening of cracked concrete is counteracted, under non-monotonic service loading, by the plastic behaviour of the concrete-reinforcement bond. Finally, design proposals have been developed which can be used by practicing engineers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 15:28:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159887</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Investigation of Moment Redistribution in Continuous Beams of Composite Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159865</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of this paper is to analyse the possible use of "uncracked" elastic global analysis to design continuous beams of composite bridges at ultimate limit state provided to complete this analysis by appropriate bending moment redistributions. The pre-design of the investigated beams is performed almost automatically by optimising the cross-section resistances in both hogging and sagging bending zones. Using a non-linear finite element model, several numerical simulations are performed for three-span beams when the variable loads increase up to the ultimate limit state. The aspect of moment redistribution is pointed out comparing the hogging moments at the internal supports with those calculated using an uncracked linear analysis. The so-found percentage of redistribution depends clearly on the ratio between the adjacent spans.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 15:28:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159865</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Partial-Interaction Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Bridge Deck</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159882</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an experimental and analytical study to examine the partial-interaction behavior of steel-concrete composite bridge deck consists of corrugated steel plate, longitudinal stiffeners, studs, and concrete. To examine the behavior of steel-concrete interface, push-out tests were performed for nine specimens. Then, static flexural tests for ten steel-concrete composite decks and nonlinear analysis were performed to analyze the partial-interaction behavior of steel-concrete composite deck. As the results of push-out tests, the degrees of interaction had significant influence on the ultimate load but the degree of interaction on the relative slip corresponding to the ultimate load was not so influential. The nonlinear analysis connecting modeling of the steel-concrete interaction by interface element with the push-out test showed that it could simulate, with high precision, complicating interface behavior. The ratios of ultimate load depending on the degree of interaction of steel-concrete composite deck tended to decrease as the ratios of shear length and effective depth increased. For the steel-concrete composite deck in this paper, the critical ratio to distinguish flexural failure from slip failure was shown as approximately 5.0.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 15:28:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159882</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Miraflores Bridge Over the River Guadalquivir in Córdoba (Spain)</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159878</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present work has been an intricate collaboration between architecture and engineering. The basic idea envisaged the bridge assembly as a large minimalist sculpture set over the river. The system is formed by two very sturdy elements which are simple in form: (1) A large rectangular prismatic bar in weathering steel, serving as the deck; (2) A central element with a sharply tapered lenticular section, serving as the central pier and set orthogonally to the deck and parallel to the river current, with a stone external facing. In order to obtain the great slenderness demanded by the design, it was necessary to place a triple internal structural mechanism: (1) Elastic encasing cells at both abutments; (2) Rigid connection between pier and deck; (3) External prestressing at mid-span and over the central pier. The cross-section consists of two lateral box girder elements with double composite action connected by transverse composite trusses.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 15:28:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159878</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The New German Design Code for Composite Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159943</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In May 2003 a new set of codes, the DIN-Reports, were introduced by the German authority. The paper deals with DIN-Report 104 for Composite Bridges. The new bridge code is mainly based on the ENV-Version of Eurocode 4 Part 2 and also takes into account new aspects coming from drafting the final EN-Versions of the Eurocodes. The paper gives an overview of the essential design rules for the ultimate, fatigue and serviceability limit states of composite bridges and explains the interaction between the development of the DIN-Report 104 and the development of the EN-Version of Eurocode 4 Part 2.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 15:28:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2159943</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Composite Construction in Steel and Concrete V</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2423002</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This collection contains 66 papers summarizing the worldwide state-of-the-art in composite construction. Papers deal with all aspects of composite construction, ranging from fundamental mechanisms and analytical tools to computational and design methodologies. Topics include: composite bridges; innovative composite systems; composite slabs, floors, and columns; composite structural systems and connections; practical applications; shear studs and connectors; fire resistance; and seismic behavior and design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 15:27:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2423002</guid>
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