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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>A STATISTICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN SEVERE ACCIDENTS AND PDO ACCIDENTS IN RIYADH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499913</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Riyadh, capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is a fast developing and modernized city.  With a population of three million inhabitants and a motorized rate (population per vehicle) of 3.8, Riyadh has been experiencing increasing traffic problems. Official statistics have shown that more than 400 fatalities and 3000 injuries occur annually due to traffic accidents.  The severity index of traffic accidents over the past four years is higher than the corresponding nationwide index.  This study aims at investigating the severity of traffic accidents in Riyadh.  An attempt was made to compare property damage only (PDO) accidents with severe accidents in order to analyze the nature of traffic accidents and determine their characteristics so that some remedies can be recommended. Analysis using various test statistics was conducted to compare the two categories of accidents.  The study found that improper driving behavior is the primary cause of accidents and the young drivers are most often the victims of such accidents.  In addition, taxis and pick-up trucks are in high risk of being involved in accidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>AUTOMATIC CONFLICT DETECTION AND RESOLUTION IN METRORAIL SYSTEMS: EVALUATION APPROACH FOR MARCO EU PROJECT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The European Union (EU) is promoting, within telematics application program, several research and development (R&D) projects, devoted to the transportation sector, containing high profile telematics technology applied to planning and operational tasks.  MARCO, the multilevel advanced railway conflict resolution and operation control, concerns the development of telematics tools for traffic conflict management: the project purpose is to develop a set of tools, algorithms, and technologies for the conflict detection and resolution (CDR) in a wide range of real time applications within railways and metro networks.  In order to assess MARCO functionality in metrorail applications, a CDR demonstrator has been developed and installed in Milan Underground at Sesto terminus, and subsequently tested and evaluated during traffic operations through suitable procedures.  This paper presents a proposal for evaluating the performance of the above demonstrator, taking into account both a comparison between actual operations and simulated operation during the same traffic conditions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499914</guid>
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      <title>THE ELECTRIC TROLLEYBUS - ITS ROLE IN FUTURE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499915</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the trolleybus as a form of passenger transportation that has survived to the end of the century and is thriving in many parts of the world, with new developments in technology helping create new opportunities for its increased use.  Trolleybus operation makes sound economic sense; its environmental benefits are considerable and have gained new recognition in the fight to reduce fossil fuel pollution at the roadside.  Emissions comparisons between various public transit modes are provided.  The difference in the costs between diesel and electric power has made the trolleybus operation more attractive; cost analysis tables are provided from a multi-vehicle operator; and guidelines are offered as to the requirements for upgrading existing systems and the implementation of new systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499915</guid>
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      <title>DEVELOPMENTS IN BUS ENGINE TECHNOLOGY TO REDUCE EMISSIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499916</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a growing interest in western countries in the design of road public transit vehicles as a means of attracting and retaining passengers and improving the image of the bus.  This paper reviews the available evidence that improved vehicle design can have this effect on bus use, before considering the technological feasibility of the specific innovation in vehicle propulsion.  The paper is divided into two sections: the first reviews research that has been carried out to date on the design of buses and its effect on passenger perceptions and use; and it deals with access to the vehicle, interior layout, and emissions reduction measures.  The second section discusses the feasibility of implementing hybrid engine technology in public transit vehicles.  Developments in fuel cell technology and other hybrid configurations of bus propulsion are reviewed; an assessment of current state of the art of drive train technolgy is also made, together with an assessment of the likely dependence on developments in advanced batteries.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499916</guid>
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      <title>RUN-FLATS FOR PEOPLE MOVER SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499917</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Run-flat systems are mounted within a pneumatic tire and are designed to allow the vehicle, onto which the tire is fitted, the ability to continue operation at a reduced speed.  In people mover systems this prevents disruption of service and damage to guideway and provides the convenience of being able to repair the tire at the central maintenance facility and, most importantly, it provides passenger safety.  Different types of flat prevention products and run-flat systems are available. These include tires with foam or polyurethane fill, solid press-on tires and the various central support run-flat systems made from aluminum, rubber or an elastomer composite.  The advantages and disadvantages of each type are discussed in this paper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499917</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ENERGY-EFFICIENT VEHICLE TO REDUCE URBAN WARMING, AIR POLLUTION AND CO2 EMISSIONS IN URBAN AREAS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499918</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban environments in cities like Tokyo are deteriorating.  The concentration of NO2 is already above the regulated level in the metropolitan area and still increasing.  This deteriorating can be attributed mainly to an increase in the number of private automobiles in the area.  Another seriouse environmental issue is global warming which is caused by concentrated consumption of energy in urban areas.  This paper examines a new environmentally compatible vehicle designed to mitigate global warming, air pollution, and CO2 emissions.  Principal specifications for an optimal design are described, and possible improvements in the urban environment will be shown by a computer simulation.  In addition, the paper provides information on the recent energy efficiency data for a Japanese hybrid vehicle which is now available in the Japanese markets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499918</guid>
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      <title>USE OF CONTINUOUS WELDED RAIL TRACK IN SHARP CURVES, HIGH GRADIENTS AND TURNOUTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499919</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Characteristics of track situation and loading for urban, suburban and regional rail transit are pointed out.  Short description of the advantage of the continuous welded rail track is presented.  The elastic-plastic model of the continuos welded rail track structure with the effect of the vertical load on longitudinal resistance is applied; and train braking/traction forces as well as homogeneous and non-homogeneous thermal loading are considered.  Applications of the model for analysis of the continuous welded rail track behavior in sharp curves, high gradients and turnouts are presented.  Calculations are carried out for track and load parameters typical for the urban, suburban and regonal rail transit.  The possibilities of applications of the model for determination of rules of the use of the continuous welded rail track in urban and regional rail transit conditions are also discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499919</guid>
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      <title>OPTIMAL DIMENSIONING OF DISTRICT HEATING NETWORKS BY USE OF THE LAGRANGE MULTIPLIER METHOD</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499920</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the process for optimal dimensioning of pipe networks for the transportation of incompressible fluids.  On the basis of mathematical modelling, the non-linear objective function and a system of hydraulic restriction inequalities are obtained.  The solution of the mathematical model is achieved by using the Lagrange Multiplier Method.  The cost analysis is made according to the method of present value which includes the investment, operating and maintenance costs, and taking into account the corresponding interest rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499920</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MODELING 2-D ROAD RANDOM DISTURBANCES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499921</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the problem of simulating 2-D road random disturbances with given probable characteristics are considered. The paper presents approach and the scheme of forming of two-dimension random stationary and nonstationary field for modeling longitudinal cytsets of the road surface, taking into consideration the lateral constitute, which is necessary for the space modeling of multimass vehicles]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499921</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>URBAN MOTORWAYS DEMOLITION: CHANGING IMPACT ON THE CITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499922</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper's aim is to evaluate the impact of an urban motorway infrastructure on the city of Genoa, its shape and its socioeconomic system, focusing on the project of its demolition and the contextual, supposed, implementation of an undersea tunnel across the historical harbor docks of the city.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499922</guid>
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      <title>TORN BETWEEN NEEDS AND CONSTRAINTS - FUTURE CHALLENGES OF URBAN MOBILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499923</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Future challenges of urban mobility and the environment will, to a large extent, be determined by a complex network of driving forces.  It is pointed out how these forces might affect people's mobility needs and constraints.  Developing adequate solutions for mobility and environmental problems requires scientific progress, focusing essentially on efficient and participatory planning and design procedures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499923</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>SUSTAINABILITY AND THE CITY: AN EVALUATION OF POLICY SCENARIOS USING AN INTEGRATED LAND-USE AND TRANSPORT MODEL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As part of an EPSRC-funded research program on sustainable cities, an integrated building stock, transit and energy model has been built of the town of Swindon, Wiltshire.  The model, an application of TRANUS, predicts the location of floorspace used by different activities and simulates the associated traffic flows.  It also calculates the energy consumed by land-use and transportation across the study area.  It has been used to explore four different scenarios for the growth of Swindon up to the year 2016, which are intended to reflect the scope of the debate about sustainable cities.  The model indicates that land use changes alone would not have large effects on reducing the amount of car travel or encouraging  a modal shift to public transit, cycling and walking.  In all the scenarios modeled, it is changes in the behavior of middle-income groups - changes to more efficient housing types and reduced car travel - that bring about the most significant energy changes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499924</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE HIGH-DENSITY VERTICAL CITY: A TRADE-OFF BETWEEN TRANSIT EFFICIENCY AND LIVING SPACE PROVISION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499925</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reasons for the car's success are well known.  Personalized transportation provides comfort, convenience and flexibility. The paper addresses the case of Hong Kong, which is often held up as a model of modern international city that has developed a successful and efficient transit-based transportation system, a city where the car is not the prime people mover.  The focus of the paper is the examination of the interaction of transportation and land use.  The main theme is that there is a very strong interdependence between high urban density and efficient public transit and that Hong Kong's transit system serves business efficiency but at the expense of personal space and quality of life.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499925</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>IF MY CITY WOKE UP WITHOUT TRAINS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quality of life, mainly in big cities, is deeply connected to a rational transportation planning, that must be able to supply the displacement needs, offering the citizens good conditions of circulation.  Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area, with a population of 16 million people, shows a historical lack of investment in the railway transportation sector, specially for passengers, caused by a policy that favors the road traffic in detriment of the others.  This policy has caused the overuse of the urban road network, provoking environmental degradation and decrease in quality of life since the mobility needs of meny citizens have not been met.  This paper has attempted to calculate the financial and quality of life losses caused by traffic jams, traffic accidents, excessive fuel consumption and air and noise pollution to the whole metropolitans area.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499926</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF AN URBAN RAILWAY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/499908</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The environmental impact of a rail infrastructure during its operation is often very strong, especially in urban environments where the structure of land is more complex.  This paper deals with the use of environmental monitoring as a control tool able to act on the significant parameters linked to environmental impacts.  A set of standardized monitoring activities, carried out on the basis of space and time criteria, will be able to follow the development of the parameters during the whole life of the infrastructure and the results can be compared with the desired standards.  The effectiveness of the monitoring depends on the possibility to relate directly the values of the parameters with the measure to be adopted in order to modify these values.  The paper deals in particular with the noise and vibration impact caused by an urban section of the new Rome-Napoli railway.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 25 Apr 1999 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/499908</guid>
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