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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Modeling Circulation and Mixing in Tidal Wetlands of the Santa Ana River</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761910</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The tidal wetlands of the Santa Ana River in Orange County, California are a combination of engineered flood control channels and partially restored salt marshes.  The tidal channels extend several kilometers inland with depths comparable to the amplitude of the tides which force circulation, roughly one meter.  As is typical of tidal wetlands, there is extensive wetting and drying of sand-bars and mudflats which is a challenge to resolve with numerical models.  This paper reports on the application of an unstructured-grid version of an explicit, high-resolution, monotonicity preserving Godunov-type finite volume scheme to solve depth-integrated equations and predict circulation and mixing.  Finite volume methods have proven advantageous for applications involving surges and shocks in terms of conservation, monotonicity, stationarity properties, but little has been reported on tidal applications.  The paper finds that predictions of water level and velocity at a number of monitoring stations compare well with field measurements, and model predictions of a dispersing dye cloud compare well with measured values when physically meaningful mixing coefficients are used.  The model accurately predicts the flooding and drying mudflats without loss of fluid mass, but artificial dilution of dissolved scalars is predicted at the wet/dry interface.  The model uses a mall time step consistent with the CFL condition and this contributes towards its ability to resolve sharp fronts and impulse loads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761910</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Model Assessment of Dissolved Oxygen and Flow Dynamics in the San Joaquin River near Stockton, California</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761665</link>
      <description><![CDATA[DSM2 water quality model characterizes the spatial and temporal distributions of important water quality variables in an estuarine system.  The model is capable of simulating the dynamics of dissolved oxygen including primary production and temperature.  Using a dynamic flow field obtained from the companion hydrodynamics model, the model performs advective and dispersive steps of mass transport including net transfer of energy at the air-water interface.  Changes in mass of constituents due to decay, growth and biochemical transformations are simulated utilizing relationships derived from the literature.  Calibration and Validation of the model were performed using field observations of water quality parameters.  The model results matched well with dissolved oxygen and temperature observed in the San Joaquin River (SJR) near Stockton, California where dissolved oxygen levels frequently fall below 5 mg/l during warm dry months.  Low dissolved oxygen levels are of concern because they may adversely affect resident fish and other aquatic life.  The current work is one of several projects established through the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) stakeholder process aimed at exploring the ways of improving water quality of SJR.  The TMDL stakeholder process was crated for this portion of the SJR to meet the water quality standards established by the Federal Clean Water Act.  Through evaluations of different scenarios, the DSM2 model can aid in developing potential management strategies to address low DO issues in the estuary.  One such scenario is presented here.  Historically, rock barriers are installed each year in the South Delta to protect San Joaquin salmon migrating through the Delta and provide adequate agricultural water supply in terms of quantity, quality, and increased channel water levels to meet the local needs.  In this study, low head pumps are utilized to transfer water across the barriers and increase the flow in the SJR near Stockton.  The impact of the above operation on the dissolved oxygen levels of the SJR Deep Water Ship Channel (SWSC) was modeled using DSM2.  The magnitude of pumping was determined such that a desired target flow rate is maintained in the SJR.  No pumping occurs at the times these flow targets are already met.  Scenarios consisting of a base case with no pumping and two alternatives with 1500 cfs and 2500 cfs target flows were examined.  Simulations for 1996 through 2000 showed that the oxygen levels in the SJR DWSC improved significantly with the higher target flow rate.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761665</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Coupling a 3D Model with a 2DV Model Using a Free-Surface Correction Method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761911</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents an efficient method to couple a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model with a laterally averaged, two-dimensional hydrodynamic model.  The methodology presented can be used for such a case where a narrow river, with a vertically two-dimensional flow pattern, flows to a relatively large water body that has a three-dimensional flow pattern.  The coupling is facilitated with a free-surface correction (FSC) method that is unconditionally stable with respect to gravity waves, wind and bottom shear stresses, and vertical eddy viscosity terms.  The coupled model solves laterally averaged (2DV) RANS equations for the narrow river portion of the simulation domain and 3D RANS equations for the larger water body.  The use of the FSC method allows the 3D equations and the 2DV equations to be solved simultaneously, instead of solving them in sequence.  Model test runs show that the coupled model retains the efficiency of both the 3D and 2DV models, and can be run with a Courant number larger than 10.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761911</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Developing a Tidal Constituent Database for the Eastern North Pacific Ocean</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761664</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the development of the Eastern North Pacific (ENPAC) 2003 tidal database of the elevations and velocity components of eight manor tidal constituents.  This database was developed using the two-dimensional, depth integrated from the coastal hydrodynamic model, ADIRC, which consists of the shallow water equations in the generalized wave continuity equation from.  The final ENPAC 2003 model incorporates the most accurate bathmymetric data available.  The resolution of the unstructured finite element mesh was designed to provide high levels of resolution along the continental slope and throughout the coastal waters to resolve the non-linear hydrodynamics that dominate the area.  The domain of this model extends beyond the continental shelf, into deep ocean waters but does not include any amphidromes located in the Pacific Ocean.  At the open boundary, the forcing conditions are extracted from global ocean models, in the area where these models are most accurate.  A brief discussion comparing the results from the global ocean models with the results from the ADCIRC model is included in this paper.  The results of the ENPAC 2003 model are approaching the error levels found in the station data that is used for model validation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761664</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling Study of Saltwater Intrusion in Loxahatchee River, Florida</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761905</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The upstream advance of saltwater into the historic freshwater reaches of the Loxahatchee River has altered the floodplain cypress forest community along the river and some of its tributaries.  A hydrodynamic/salinity models was developed to study the influence of freshwater input, tidal inlet deepening and sea level rise on the salinity regime in the estuary (Hu, 2002).  The model was recently updated with new bathymetric data.  The updated model was tested against the tide and salinity data that had been collected in 2003.  the model output and field data were examined and compared to assess the possibility of establishing a relationship between freshwater inflow and daily average salinity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761905</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Calibration of a Sediment Transport Model for San Francisco Bay</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761929</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A sediment transport model of the San Francisco Bay estuary was developed to assess the potential impacts of projects in San Francisco Bay.  The estuary comprises the North Bay which receives freshwater inflow from the Delta, the Central Bay, which connects to the Pacific Ocean, and the South Bay, which is characterized as a semi-enclosed lagoon.  The MIKE 21 cohesive sediment transport model was selected for the study.  This paper describes the calibration of the model under baseline conditions.  The focus of the modeling effort is the South Bay where the project is located.  Previous research indicated that wind-wave resuspension is a key process in the estuary especially in the shallow regions.  Therefore, a crucial element of the sediment model is the inclusion of wave-induced bottom shear stress.  A calibrated nearshore wave model was coupled to the sediment model by creating a database which contained the wave parameters for every grid cell as a function of the input wind speed, wind direction, and water depth.  Erosion and deposition are driven by the local sediment properties.  In addition to horizontal spatial variability, the resistance of sediments to erosion increases with depth owing to consolidation.  As such, the Bay bottom was prescribed by a five-layered bed model to represent the vertical profile of the sediment strength.  In particular, the topmost layer was modeled as a fluid mud to reflect the water and seabed interface.  The model was calibrated using time series of suspended sediment concentrations collected at seven different locations throughout the Bay.  Both instantaneous (15-minute interval) and tidally averaged values were compared for simulations spanning a few months.  Calibration and verification were performed over a range of hydrologic and meteorological conditions, reinforcing the ability of the model to capture the estuarine sediment processes.  The results revealed that suspended sediment concentrations in the South Bay are mainly controlled by local erosion and deposition, with sediment influx playing a less significant role compared to the North Bay.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761929</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SST Assimilation and Assessment of the Predicted Temperature from the GoMOOS Nowcast/Forecast System</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761657</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A circulation nowcast/forecast system was developed for the Gulf of Maine as an integral component of the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS) technical program.  The system has been used to generate nowcasts and short-term forecasts of the circulation and physical properties in the Gulf of Maine.  One of the expectations is that the model can provide consistent SST to fill in AVHRR gaps and eventually produce reliable 3D temperature fields for the fishery applications.  This paper first presents the framework of the nowcast/forecast system, which includes an algorithm to assimilate satellite derived SST.  It then discusses the performance of the system be comparing the predicted and the observed temperature (both in situ and satellite derived).  In general, the assimilation algorithm is stable and produces SST patterns mimicking the AVHRR.  However, the modeled temperature appears to be colder than the in situ temperature at buoy locations.  Elimination of the exceptionally cold satellite SST at cloud edges before it is assimilated corrects for a large portion of the cold bias in the model.  Furthermore, seasonal variations in temperature is well reproduced and the predicted synoptic temperature variations is significantly correlated with its counterpart from the mooring measured temperature.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761657</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling the Transport of Larval Yellow Perch in Lake Michigan</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761693</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The transport of larval yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in Lake Michigan is studied with a 3D particle trajectory model.  The model uses 3D currents generated by the Great Lakes version of the Princeton Ocean Model driven by observed momentum and heat fluxes in June-August 1998, 1999 and 2000.  Virtual larvae were released in the nearshore region with the most abundant preferred substrate for yellow perch spawning, rocks. This paper also investigated the potential for physical transport mechanisms to affect recruitment of Lake Michigan yellow perch by coupling hydrodynamic models with individual-based particle models of fish larvae to study variation in larval distributions, growth rates, and potential recruitment.  Larval growth rates were simulated using a bioenergetics growth model with fixed consumption rates.  Results indicate that lake circulation patterns are critical for understanding interannual variability in Great Lake fish recruitment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761693</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Simulation of Tsunami Generation, Propagation and Runup</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A numerical model is applied to calculate cleanup and inundation along the east coast of New Zealand arising from tsunami generated locally along the New Zealand coastal margin.  In general, tsunami can be generated by a suddenly movement of the ocean bed or by objects such as subaerial landslides and bolides falling into the ocean; however, this study is restricted to fault ruptures and submarine landslides.  The model is based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Strokes (RANS) equation and uses a finite element spatial approximation, implicit time integration, a semi-Largrangian advection approximation, and several different methods for treating pressure variations.  These methods include the hydrostatic approximation, a simplified pressure interpolation scheme, and a full solution with pressure Poisson equation.  The different methods of approximation are being evaluated against test problems for wave runup and submarine avalanches.  Although these results are preliminary, the results with a simplified pressure model are encouraging in that they provide a realistic approximation to non-hydrostatic effects while remaining competitive with the efficiency of depth-averaged models.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761692</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling the Rio de la Plata Circulation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761674</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model, using the RMA-2 code, was developed to simulate the Rio de la Plata estuary.  The goal was to extend previous modeling efforts done at Instituto de Mecanica de los Fluidos e Ingenieria Ambiental (IMFIA) that include tide and storm surges dynamic simulations.  The model extended from the continental shelf, up the Rio de la Plata.  Model inputs included tidal fluctuations at the ocean border, freshwater inflow at the headwaters of the Rio de la Plata, and winds over the simulated domain.  The model was calibrated for the summer of 1983 when water level and current measurements were available.  The hydrodynamic model was calibrated for the water surface elevation and velocities generated by astronomical tide and storm surges.  They hydrodynamic calibrations show that the model is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the general circulation patterns of a complex system such as the Rio de la Plata.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761674</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Decision Support System for Optimizing Engineering and Operational Design of Nearshore Mining Operations Based on Numerical Simulations of Nearshore Waves, Currents and Water Levels</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761892</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Designing economically viable mining operations in the normally hostile environment of the nearshore zone requires that a balance be struck between minimizing capital costs of infrastructure (e.g. mining vehicle/jack-up rigs) and maximizing operational time, but in a manner that ensures minimal safety risk (e.g. structural failure) and/or risk of disruption of the operations as planned.  To assist in determining specific design requirements for such nearshore mining operations a decision support system (DSS) has been developed whereby various design/operational thresholds (e.g. a wave height threshold, a current speed threshold etc) can be specified and the resulting available operational time determined for the mining area of interest.  By iteratively selecting design/operational thresholds and obtaining the associated operational time distribution across the mining area, the mining operator can ensure a rig/vehicle design and an associated design of mining operations that provides an optimal balance between minimizing capital costs and maximizing operational time.  The economic viability of mining operations based on this optimized design can then be assessed.  The utility of the DSS in assessing the economic viability of a proposed operation is not limited to only mining operations and could be extended to other operations in the nearshore zone such as construction activities.  Furthermore, a natural extension to the DSS is a forecast system to optimize safety and operational efficiency of operations in the nearshore zone.  This paper describes the DSS and associated numerical modeling effort used to assess a proposed nearshore mining operation on the west coast of southern Africa.  The DSS is based on both simulated and measured time series of environmental conditions of a one year duration that are considered to be representative of the long term environmental conditions at the location(s) of the proposed nearshore mining operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761892</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Prediction of Dunes and Their Related Roughness in Estuarine Morphological Models</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761915</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prediction of dune characteristics in coastal waterways is of great importance for at least two reasons.  On the one hand, the crests impose a lot of dredging problems and on the other hand, dunes contribute to the hydraulic resistance of the system and to the damping of the tidal wave.  Therefore it is a major research aim to simulate the development of dunes in morphological numerical models.  In this paper an algorithm is developed to simulate the evolution of dune heights and lengths.  In the first step the dune parameters are calculated using empirical relations (i.e., her van Rijn) for every hydrodynamical time step.  The values obtained in that war are not the actual dune heights and lengths because they would grow during ebb and flood tide and they would disappear during slack water.  Instead of this they are regarded as asymptotical values reached theoretically after a certain time.  The actual dune height and length are calculated applying a relaxation method using the empirical values as asymptotical values.  This algorithm gives good results for the location of dunes in the Wester estuary at the North sea coast of Germany.  The predictions for the dune heights and lengths are reasonable.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761915</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Physical Versus Anthropogenic Control of Nutrient Concentrations in the Irish Sea</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761667</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The modeling study described in the paper has investigated the physical influences on salinity and nutrient concentrations in the Irish Sea, including the role of climate variability.  Previous observational work had noted an inverse relationship between salinity and nitrate concentrations in the Irish Sea, and highlighted the effect of moving water mass boundaries on observations at a fixed sampling site.  The process studies described here have demonstrated how high frequency pulses of lower salinity, high nutrient concentration waters could be observed at a fixed sampling site near the Isle of Man (the Cypris station), mainly through the effects of direct wind forcing.  Far field forcing for the two arbitrary years used in the study acted to retain material in the western Irish Sea, thus providing a weak background concentration of nutrients to the sampling site.  Although daily variability in river flows did not appear to have a significant influence on the high frequency variability at the Cypris station , an arbitrary doubling of river inflows caused a shift t the southwest of the water mass containing higher tracer concentrations.  Thus longer term changes in freshwater inflows, for example through increases in precipitation in positive NAO years, could have a significant effect on the decadal scale salinity variability observed at the Cypris station by causing a westwards movement of the boundary between fresh and saltwater masses.  To further investigate influences on the long term variability of salinity at the Cypris station, a 40 year hindcast simulation was completed for the period 1960-1999.  A comparison of modeled temperatures with observed values from 5566 CTD profiles throughout the 40 years, demonstrated the ability to reproduce the observed seasonal and longer term cycles, with mean and RMS errors of 0.002 degrees Celsius and 0.773 degrees Celsius.  The long term temperature variability at the Cypris station was also reproduced.  These results suggest that observations taken at fixed sampling sites in active environments such as the Irish Sea should be treated with a degree of caution.  Although anthropogenic loading undoubtedly has some influence on nutrient concentrations, much of the observed variability may be due to climate variability, in particular the combined effects of freshwater inflows (dependent on precipitation) and far field forcing of saltwater masses on the geographical position of the water mass boundary.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761667</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Coupled Circulation, Wave, and Morphology-Change Modeling, Shinnecock Inlet, New York</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Analysis of five high-resolution bathymetric data sets collected at Shinnecock Inlet, NY indicates that evolution of ebb shoal morphology between 1994 and 2000 was primarily controlled by migration of the main navigation channel.  Increases wave activity during the 1997 El Nino accelerated the rate at which the channel was deflected toward the west.  These bathymetric data are applied in this study for assessment of morphology change calculation conducted within the Inlet Modeling System developed by the U.S. Arym Corps of Engineers Coastal Inlets Research Program.  Circulation, sediment transport, and morphology change were calculated by the two-dimensional finite-difference model M2D, which was coupled with STWave for computation of wave-driven currents.  A simulation was conducted for August to November 1977 in which waves from NDBC Station 44025 were input as forcing for STWave.  Tidal forcing for M2D was prescribed with water levels extracted from a regional ADCIRC model.  Major observed changes in inlet morphology were reproduced by the modeling system.  These changes are:  scour and westward migration of the navigation channel, accretion along the eastern flank of the ebb shoal, and accretion of the seaward extent of the ebb shoal.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A High-Resolution Coastal Circulation Model for Lunenburg Bay, Nova Scotia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/761689</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A high-resolution coastal circulation model is used to study the three-dimensional barotropic circulation in Lunenburg Bay and adjacent Upper and Lower South Coves, Nova Scotia.  The model is driven by tidal forcing and shelf waves specified at the model open boundaries and wind stress applied at the sea surface.  The tidal forcing at the model open boundaries is inferred from the tidal sea level prediction at Lunenburg Harbor.  The remotely generated sub-inertial shelf waves that propagate into the model domain through the model open boundaries are calculated by a coarse-resolution storm surge model for the eastern Canadian seaboard (Bobanovic and Thompson, 2001).  The high-resolution coastal circulation model used to investigate the nonlinear tidal dynamics in the study region.  The model results demonstrate that tidal circulation in the bay and the two coves is highly nonlinear with strong tidal asymmetry between flooding and ebbing, with an intense narrow jet flowing outward from Upper South Cove to Lunenburg Bay during the ebb.  The coastal circulation model is also used to simulate the barotropic circulation in Lunenburg Bay during Hurricane Gustav in the second week of September 2002.  The model results demonstrate strong interactions between the local wind stress, tidal forcing, and remotely generated shelf waves during this period.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2005 07:59:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/761689</guid>
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