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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>LiDAR-derived digital holograms for automotive head-up displays</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1864478</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Jul 2021 15:17:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1864478</guid>
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      <title>High-performance LED Street Lighting using Microlens Arrays</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1253098</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A new LED street luminaire has been proposed by the authors and its performance analyzed. This LED lamp delivers a rectangle light pattern that maximizes illumination performance by directing light only where is needed. The light is efficiently and homogeneously distributed. This is a requirement for reducing glare as well as improving both the eye comfort and the visual discrimination ability of car drivers. The optical concept is both simple and effective: an array of LEDs with TIR lenses are put inside a reflective cavity, which is covered with a microlens sheet. The reflective box improves efficiency by recycling the back-reflected light with each TIR lens efficiently collimates the LED light for the microlens array. The microlens plate combines beam shaping and light diffusion to efficiently and homogeneously deliver light into the street. The authors have assessed the luminaire performance by Monte Carlo ray-tracing for the main types of street pole arrangements: central, zigzag, and single-side. The lamp achieved high optical utilization factors from 58% to 81%, which are high even compared with excellent designs. The authors LED street-light achieved the expected performance, which was set at the highest levels specified by the market and the IESNA.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Jun 2013 16:38:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1253098</guid>
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      <title>Design of primary optics for LED chip array in road lighting application</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The advantages of light-emitting diodes (LED) over conventional light sources are well known - monochromaticity, energy and space savings, reliability and longer service life. More LED chips must be integrated on a blase plate to achieve the various luminaries comparable to conventional light sources. This paper outlines research that uses LED chip array packaging (LCAP) modules to create luminaries that can be configuring for different lighting situations - bi-direction, three-lane major road, and so on. Computer modeling to simulating the different lighting environments was used to not only design and optimize the LCAP, but also to simulate different roadway lighting environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Oct 2011 07:38:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1118251</guid>
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      <title>Design of LED Freeform Optical System for Road Lighting with High Luminance/Illuminance Ratio</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1102793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article proposes a systematic method for designing an optical system for road lighting using an LED and a freeform lens that is optimized to produce a certain luminance distribution on the road surface. The authors describe this design method as taking account of the luminance characteristics of the road surface, the energy efficiency of the system, the glare problem of the luminaire and the effects of four adjacent luminaries illuminating a single road surface.  The authors first describe how once the geometrical parameters (the mounting height, the mounting space, and the road width) are fixed, optimized illuminance with a polynomial of cosine functions along the road direction can be obtained by maximizing Q (the ratio of the average luminance to the average illuminance); this will also satisfy the lighting requirements provided by CIE (Commission Internationale del'Eclairage).  Then, a smooth freeform lens with this optimized illuminance is designed based on the variable separation method and the feedback modification method.  The authors conclude that this method can also be applied on other road surfaces that have tested tables of the reduced luminance coefficients.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 May 2011 10:29:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1102793</guid>
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      <title>Advanced Characterization of Electrowetting Retroreflectors</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/907755</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article considers the qualities of electrowetting retroreflectors for use in applications such as safety markings, road signage, or friend-foe-identification.  Retroreflectors reflect light back in the same direction as the light coming from the illumination source.  Electrowetting retroreflectors use a simple and scalable construction, and incorporate an electrically tunable liquid lenslet. By electrically modulating the lenslet geometry, the reflection is switched between retroreflection and scattering.  The authors report new capability and characterization of these reflectors, including higher index liquids and contrast ratio as a function of contact angle. Characterizations include contrast ratio as a function of voltage, spatial profiling of the retroreflected intensity, and retroreflected intensity as a function of view angle.  The reflected intensity is also spatially profiled and reported as a function of view angle.  The authors also explain the use of a high contrast ratio of greater than 16X  and then discuss methods for further improving performance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Jan 2010 08:07:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/907755</guid>
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      <title>IT'S CHEAPER 'BUY' CAR THAN TRAIN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/716952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes how the authors bought a roadworthy car, taxed, insured and fuelled it and drove from London to Newcastle and back for less than 200. This resulting in a 100 saving on the price of two open return rail tickets from London to Newcastle. A 1990 Ford Sierra 1.6L was bought at auction, taxed for six months and insured for one month. The journey time was just over five hours each way, compared with three hours and 20 minutes each way by train. Advantages of using the car were its availability for travel within Newcastle, its comfort and the flexibility of travel. It was concluded that the obvious key to tempting people to use trains would be to make train fares cheaper.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Feb 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/716952</guid>
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      <title>COPS SAY WE'VE HIT THE SPOT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/716953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Auto Express has launched a campaign to introduce a signpost in the UK to warn drivers in the UK that they are approaching a dangerous piece of road associated with past accidents. The 'Sign Up to Expose the Hot Spots' campaign is supported by the Essex Partnership, a joint project between Essex Police, Essex magistrates' Courts Committee and local councils, which aims to reduce the number of Killed and Serious Injury accidents in the county. By preventing deaths, the costs associated with each fatal accident can be diverted to saving lives. Part of the initiative is to identify lethal sites and try to make them safer. Speed cameras are installed where a link between speed and the number of accidents can be demonstrated. There is a gradual acceptance by drivers of the need to slow down.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Feb 2002 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/716953</guid>
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      <title>FAMILY FAVOURITES' SAFETY BOOST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/714301</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents the findings of the independent Euro NCAP crash tests on family (multi-person) cars. Test results showed a good overall performance, with Nissan's Almera Tino receiving the top score. The cars were subjected to a 40mph head-on collision and a 30mph side-on collision. Each vehicle carried crash dummies to represent a family of two adults, toddler and baby. The test assessed the safety of the vehicle, taking into account deformation, deployment of airbags, and performance of the child seats provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Dec 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/714301</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HOW DO THEY MANAGE TO SURVIVE THIS?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/693797</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article compares the safety features of Formula One racing cars and ordinary road cars. Racing drivers can survive crashes at high speed. Although most road accidents involve low speeds, injuries commonly result. Racing cars include six-point harnesses, wraparound seats, padded cockpits and roll cages. The article points out that although these items are available for use in road cars at a reasonable cost, their use restricts the car to one driver and the more complicated seat harness would probably result in fewer drivers using a safety belt at all. The principle of the survival cell, where the structure deforms on impact to dissipate energy, is followed in many production cars. The Renault Laguna is mentioned as a high-safety car, with a five-star Euro NCAP rating: this safety test is even more stringent than that given to a racing car.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Oct 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/693797</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>HORROR STOREYS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/685135</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper concerns the widespread problem in the UK of crumbling reinforced concrete in multi-storey car park structures. Salt water, brought in by car wheels, is spread across the concrete surfaces and soaks in, where it corrodes the steel framework. Inspection can take the form of visual examination, which notes obvious signs such as calcium deposit stalactites, exposed reinforcement bars and spalling. Underlying problems need specialist equipment such as the Covermeter to measure how far beneath the surface the steel reinforcements lie. Corrosion can be identified by spraying an indicator solution. An electromagnetic probe inserted into the concrete shows carbonation and samples can be analysed. There are many multi-storey car parks in danger of collapse because responsible authorities are unwilling to pay for effective regeneration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Jun 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/685135</guid>
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      <title>WAKE UP CALL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/683283</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results are detailed of a trial carried out at the Sleep Research Centre, Loughborough University, into the effects of caffeine-packed soft drinks on sleepy drivers. According to DETR statistics, 1 in 10 of all accidents on UK roads are caused by people falling asleep with 1 in 5 of accidents on motorways. The trial consisted of fifteen sleep-deprived drivers being tested in a car simulator. The results show the effects on driving performance of sleep-deprivation and how taking a high-energy soft drink can virtually overcome the effects of a lack of sleep for a limited time.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/683283</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TYRED OF LIFE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/683285</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of a survey are detailed in which car tyres were checked for accurate tyre pressure and legal tread depths. The survey shows that drivers seem to have a casual attitude to the state of their tyres as 1 in 3 were running on tyres some 40% outside the recommended pressures and 6% had less than the legal 1.6mm of tread remaining. Another survey carried out by the National Tyre Distributors Association covering 30,000 tyres showed that 48% had an illegal tread depth with 17% of those classed as severely damaged, so posing a threat to road safety. Another survey by the Tyre Industry Council covering taxi and private hire vehicles showed that 15% were found to have one or more illegal tyres and 22% of trucks checked had at least one illegal tyre.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/683285</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GETTING TO GRIPS WITH INFLATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/683287</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although tyres are a vital part of any vehicle, as all the grip for steering, braking and acceleration is provided by relatively small contact areas, little regard seems to be given by drivers to the effects of under-inflated tyres. The article reports on tests carried out on a number of cars where some tyres were underinflated by 10 psi - a figure shown in a survey to represent some 90% of cars checked. As well as the safety implications of underinflated tyres, longevity can be reduced by 25% and fuel consumption increased by 2%.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/683287</guid>
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      <title>CASH IN THE BAG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/683289</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The problem of airbag theft is said to be spreading throughout Britain and continental Europe. Although this form of theft causes great inconvenience to a driver, the thief is in danger of stealing a device which is liable to explode. If a car battery is not disconnected and left for 30 minutes to allow the capacitor to drain, the airbag is liable to detonate if touched. One way of preventing such a theft is to fit a steering wheel lock which covers the whole wheel. Some airbags are now difficult to remove because the screws holding it in place are fitted with heads that shear off when tightened. Drivers buying a used car may not realise the airbag is either missing or has been replaced with a stolen one.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 03 May 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/683289</guid>
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      <title>A QUESTION OF SPEED</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/674866</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This feature argues that the UK's outdated speed limits should be reviewed urgently, as technology to monitor cars continually on roads becomes a reality. On British motorways, a car will typically be photographed every few minutes by closed-circuit television (CCTV), Gatso and other speed cameras, traffic-flow monitoring, and number-plate sensors. This surveillance system is unmatched anywhere in the world. Representatives of the motorists' organisations the AA and the RAC urge not giving every speeding motorist a fixed penalty ticket, and not handling speeding in a way that motorists consider unjust. With one in four British homes perhaps housing a driver fined for speeding, one of the feature's authors asks if more speed cameras are a genuine safety measure or purely a method of raising public funds from penalties. He lists and briefly describes ten UK speed cameras, for which he sees no obvious safety purpose, and which drivers suspect are used only to collect fines, and he cites some reasons why police and local authorities chose these sites. Another article notes that speed limits (from 10mph to 70mph) have always aroused strong feelings among drivers and pedestrians, and finds out who decides where they should go and what they should be. The last article shows how the AA identifies speed limits at specific sites, which need to change, sometimes up, and sometimes down.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 07 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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