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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMEMTAL RESTRAINTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/407897</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper considers the implications of the Rio 'Earth Summit' and the World Energy Congress in Madrid for transport systems and discusses the way in which the European Commission's policies are evolving to meet the challenge.  The conclusions reached at Rio and Madrid are outlined.  The Commission's new environmental strategy is then described.  This will comprise a) technological progress, b) measures to influence personal choice of transport mode, c) priority for more environmentally friendly transport modes and e) policies to deal with traffic congestion.  Each area is discussed and measures already taken noted.  The use of carbon and energy taxes to control emissions of carbon dioxide is outlined.  For the covering abstract see IRRD 862007.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>CHALLENGES FOR TRADITIONAL FUELS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/407898</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper considers the scope for limiting emissions from the fuels traditionally used in the field of transport: compressed natural gas, liquified petroleum gas, gasoline and diesel.  Factors to be taken into consideration in formulating environmental policy are discussed. Existing European policy on emissions and its implications for the future are outlined.  The literature on fuel effects in the abatement of emissions is then reviewed.  The effects on regulated and non- regulated emissions and on photochemical oxidants are considered.  The applicability of these findings to Europe is assessed.  An assessment is made of the most important fuel parameters and the implications for traditional fuels.  It is suggested that fuel quality will have to be improved in all cases.  Sulphur content in particular will have to be reduced.  For the covering abstract see IRRD 862007.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>POLICIES TO RECONCILE ECONOMIC ISSUES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/407899</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper the author considers the rise in motorisation, notes the impossibility of coping with it and puts forward an alternative scenario.  Several items of conventional wisdom are turned on their head such as the inferiority of public transport which has been disproved in France and Switzerland.  A need is identified for an integrated approach which would combine a) an improvement in the quality and scale of public transport provision, b) traffic calming, c) advanced traffic management systems, d) road pricing and e) a restricted amount of road building. It is suggested that although such a strategy would be based on arguments of economic efficiency, energy conservation targets would also be met.  The importance of including an element of pricing is discussed.  For the covering abstract see IRRD 862007.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>TRANSPORT IN EUROPE - DEMAND, ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/407900</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the growth of transport demand in Europe and potential growth in congestion, examines how energy supplies and environmental factors will constrain such growth and considers the implications for the energy supply industry.  Statistics are provided illustrating a) the increases in both passenger and freight traffic in the UK and Europe, b) trends in modal share, c) rising levels of car ownership, d) increases in trip length and e) predicted road traffic levels.  Local and global environmental effects are tabulated.  The fuel consumption for UK transport is discussed and estimates made of the possibility of improving fuel efficiency.  The use of alternative fuels is considered.  Wind and solar power are expected to have most potential.  Conflicts involved in reaching environmental goals while retaining mobility are outlined.  For the covering abstract see IRRD 862007.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>THE CASE FOR ALTERNATIVES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/407901</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper discusses the relative merits of alternative fuels for transport purposes including hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), electricity, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), methanol and ethanol.  The author first considers the success of conventional fuels.  An assessment is then made of the alternatives including their production, availability, emissions, current level of use, refuelling requirements, storage, vehicle conversion requirements, hazardous properties and limitations.  Electricity, CNG and LPG are considered the most likely alternatives and discussed in most detail.  CNG is considered a particularly viable alternative due to its wide availability, low carbon dioxide emission and growing supply infrastructure.  For the covering abstract see IRRD 862007.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>TRANSPORT, ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/407902</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The author argues that in the evolution of transport systems it is road that the population has come to prefer. He admits that there are a number of disbenefits to road travel and suggests how the situation may be improved. There are still improvements to be made in the field of catalyst technology, engine design and fuel formulation which will lead to lower fuel consumption and lower emissions.  It is suggested that once achieved, the alternative fuels will have difficulty in competeing with conventional fuels.  The author then suggests that the trend towards decentralisation of cities will have the effect of reducing travel demand.  A continuing upward trend in car use is forseen, however, with the greatest contribution coming from the 'developing' countries.  For the covering abstract see IRRD 862007.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Jul 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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