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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Impacts of confounding roadway characteristics on estimates of associations between alcohol outlet densities and alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1895513</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A limitation on research into the role of alcohol in traffic accidents is that variations in crash risk locations can confuse the spatial relationships between alcohol outlets and crash sites. In this study, the authors investigate the spatio-temporal relationships between alcohol outlets and crashes, with a set of six highway factors that may increase the risk of crashes. Rather than focusing on one urban area as most studies do, the authors consider 50 mid-sized cities in California. The spatial data for the study comprised 8,726 Census 2000 block groups in these cities. Dependent measures were counts of crash located within Census block groups. Independent measures included socio-demographics, social disadvantage, alcohol outlets and roadway factors. Greater roadway length, higher number of highways, higher average speeds, and more road bends and curves were related to higher numbers of crashes, as was alcohol outlet density. Roadway factors are essential to any traffic accident model attempting to assess effects of alcohol outlets on crash risks.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2022 17:16:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1895513</guid>
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      <title>The potential effects of autonomous vehicles on alcohol consumption and drink-driving behaviours</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709417</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2020 10:53:40 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1709417</guid>
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      <title>Benzodiazepines, Opioids and Driving: An Overview of the Experimental Research</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1104103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Road crashes contribute significantly to the total burden of injury in Australia, with the risk of injury being associated with the presence of drugs and/or alcohol in the driver’s blood. Increasingly, some of the most commonly detected drugs include prescription medicines, the most notable of these being benzodiazepines and opioids.However, there is a paucity of experimental research into the effects of prescribed psychoactive drugs on driving behaviours. This paper provides an overview of experimental studies investigating the effects of prescribed doses of benzodiazepines and opioids on driving ability, and points to future directions for research. There is growing epidemiological evidence linking the therapeutic use of benzodiazepines and opioids to an increased crash risk. However, the current experimental literature remains unclear. Limitations to study methodologies have resulted in inconsistent findings. Implications. Limited experimental evidence exists to inform policy and guidelines regarding fitness-to-drive for patients taking prescribed benzodiazepines and opioids. Further experimental research is required to elucidate the effects of these medications on driving, under varying conditions and in different medical contexts. This will ensure that doctors prescribing benzodiazepines and opioids are well informed, and can appropriately advise patients of the risks associated with driving whilst taking these medications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2011 09:06:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1104103</guid>
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      <title>From the Brain to Bad Behaviour and Back Again: Neurocognitive and Psychobiological Mechanisms of Driving While Impaired by Alcohol</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/902061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI) is responsible for substantial mortality and injury. Significant gaps in the understanding of DWI re-offending, or recidivism, reduce the ability to practically assess recidivism probability and to match interventions to individual risk profiles. These shortcomings reflect the baffling heterogeneity in the DWI population and the limited focus of much existing DWI recidivism research to psychosocial, psychological, and substance use correlates. This narrative review summarizes the evidence for the contribution of neurocognitive and psychobiological mechanisms to DWI behavior and recidivism. Given the nascent nature of this literature, insight into the putative contribution of these mechanisms to DWI is also drawn from other experimental literatures, particularly those on alcohol use disorders and cognitive and behavioral neuroscience. Alcohol-related neurotoxicity and dysregulation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and serotonergic systems may underlie certain offender characteristics consistently correlated with heightened DWI risk, persistence, and intervention resistance. Their markers are less vulnerable to sources of bias than subjective psychosocial indices and are more far-reaching than alcohol abuse in explaining DWI behavior and recidivism. The investigation of neurocognitive and psychobiological mechanisms in DWI research is a promising avenue for discerning clinically meaningful subgroups within the DWI population. This can lead to research and development in alternative assessment and more targeted intervention technologies. Multidimensional research in DWI and recidivism offers novel avenues for increasing road safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 07:40:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/902061</guid>
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      <title>Screening for Drugs in Oral Fluid: Illicit Drug Use and Drug Driving in a Sample of Queensland Motorists</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/892780</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Police Services in a number of Australian states have indicated random roadside drug testing will be implemented to target drug driving. This paper outlines research conducted to provide an estimate of the prevalence of drug driving in a sample of Queensland drivers. Oral fluid samples were collected from 781 drivers who volunteered to participate at Random Breath Testing (RBT) sites in a large Queensland regional area. Illicit substances tested for included cannabis (delta 9 tetrahydrocannibinol [THC]), amphetamine type substances, heroin, and cocaine. Drivers also completed a self-report questionnaire regarding their drug-related driving behavior. Samples that were drug-positive at initial screening were sent to a government laboratory for confirmation. Oral fluid samples from 27 participants (3.5%) were confirmed positive for at least 1 illicit substance. The most common drugs detected in oral fluid were cannabis (delta 9 THC) (n = 13) followed by amphetamine type substances (n = 11). A key finding was that cannabis was also confirmed as the most common self-reported drug combined with driving and that individuals who tested positive to any drug through oral fluid analysis were also more likely to report the highest frequency of drug driving. Furthermore, a comparison between drug vs. drink driving detection rates for the study period revealed a higher detection rate for drug driving (3.5%) vs drink driving (0.8%). This research provides evidence that drug driving is relatively prevalent on Queensland Roads. The paper will further outline the study findings and present possible directions for future drug driving research.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2009 08:04:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/892780</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An Outcome Evaluation of the New South Wales Sober Driver Programme: A Remedial Programme for Recidivist Drink Drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/892777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recidivist drunk drivers pose a considerable threat to public safety. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a remedial program for recidivist drunk drivers, the New South Wales Sober Driver Program (SDP). SDP combines educational components and elements of group cognitive behavioral therapy in relation to drunk driving behavior. It is delivered in conjunction with punitive sanctions. The evaluation design included a comparison of recidivism rates over 2 years for SDP participants and a community control group of convicted drunk drivers who received legal sanctions alone. Quantitative and qualitative surveys of SDP participants were also conducted before, immediately after, and 4 months after the program. Outcome measures included recidivism, change in participant knowledge and attitudes, self-reported behavioral intentions, and skill development. SDP participants were 43% less likely to re-offend over 2 years compared with community controls who had received sanctions alone. Survey respondents demonstrated improved knowledge, attitudes and skills regarding drink driving. SDP appears to be an effective intervention, demonstrating greater reductions in recidivism when compared with legal sanctions alone.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 16 Jul 2009 08:04:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/892777</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Roadside Drug Testing: Unanswered Questions and Future Challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/814782</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Discussions about the drug-driving issue have been gathering momentum for several years in Australia, particularly in Victoria since the Parliamentary Inquiry into the effects of drugs on road safety; and drug-driving now features as a prominent theme in both and national road safety strategies. Since being introduced in Victoria in December 2004, random drug testing (RDT) at the roadside has been implemented or being considered in most other states and territories. There are different legislative approaches used to tackle drug-driving worldwide. The approach adopted in Australia is one in which the detection capability of the technology, rather than the demonstration of performance impairment, is used to define illegal behaviour. Furthermore, data reported from the Standard Impairment Assessments in Victoria show that levels of illicit and licit substances detected are extremely high: in the case of illicit substances not indicative of low level use, and in the case of licit substances certainly indicative of use not in a prescribed way. From a road safety perspective, there have been major reductions in serious and fatal injuries over the previous decades, brought about through improvements in (for example) vehicle design and key behavioural campaigns targeting drink-driving, seat-belt wearing, speeding and fatigue.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Aug 2007 07:56:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/814782</guid>
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      <title>Drinking-Driving Fatalities and Consumption of Beer, Wine, and Spirits</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/803258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drinking-driving is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in Canada. This article examines factors that influenced drinking driver deaths in Ontario. The authors examined the impact of per capita consumption of total alcohol, and of beer, wine and spirits separately, on drinking-driving deaths in Ontario from 1962 to 1996, as well as the impact of the introduction of Canada's per se law and the founding of People to Reduce Impaired Driving Everywhere - Mothers Against Drunk Driving (PRIDE - MADD) Canada. We utilized time-series analyses with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modeling. As total alcohol consumption increased, drinking driving fatalities increased. The introduction of Canada's per se law, and of PRIDE-MADD Canada, acted to reduce drinking driving death rates. Among the specific beverage types, only consumption of beer had a significant impact on drinking driver deaths. Several factors were identified that acted to increase and decrease drinking driver death rates. Of particular interest was the observation of the impact of beer consumption on these death rates. In North America, beer is taxed at a lower rate than other alcoholic beverages. The role of taxation policies as determinants of drinking-driving deaths is discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 01 Mar 2007 08:40:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/803258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND DRIVING INTENTIONS AMONGST HOTEL PATRONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/385754</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To examine the extent to which hotel patrons drink in excess of current health recommendations, and to identify risk factors for excessive drinking, hotel patrons were invited to participate in a survey of social drinking, which included a free breath test. Patrons were approached at 15 minute intervals, and 2,000 subjects were studied. Amongst this group of hotel patrons interviewed, one in two had consumed alcohol in excess of the daily limit recommended by the National Health and Medical Research Council. One in 10 intending drivers had a BAC over the legal limit. Excessive drinking and drink driving appear to be prevalent amongst hotel patrons, and hotels should be targets for interventions designed to reduce these problems. For example, the National Guidelines for the Responsible Serving of Alcohol should be more widely practiced.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/385754</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TRENDS IN INJURY AND DEATH IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN AUSTRALIA IN RELATION TO THE INTRODUCTION OF RANDOM BREATH TESTING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/308024</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mortality from motor vehicle accidents fell substantially in New South Wales following the introduction of random breath testing for alcohol.  No similar trend was observed in other Australian states and territories in which random breath testing has been introduced, except perhaps the Australian Capital Territory.  The fall in mortality over the period of its introduction was greater overall in areas in which it was not introduced than those in which it was.  A contradictory pattern was observed in injury rates from motorvehicle accidents.  There was little evidence to suggest, however, that other states or territories that introduced the measure had benefited with respect to injury rates.  Differences in vigour of implementation and the effects of other control measures are likely to explain these paradoxical and contradictory patterns.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Apr 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/308024</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>EFFECT ON CASUALTY TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF 10 P.M. MONDAY TO SATURDAY HOTEL CLOSING IN VICTORIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/294290</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the year after 6.00 p.m., Monday to Saturday, hotel closing was replaced by 10.00 p.m. closing in Victoria, there was an 11.5% increase in the number of casualty accidents from 6.01 p.m. to 2.00 a.m.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Mar 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/294290</guid>
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