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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND THE NEW ZEALAND DRIVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201788</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the introduction of blood alcohol sampling and testing in New Zealand in May 1969, this facet of the road safety programme has been extensively studied.  A previous publication, Alcohol in the blood of New Zealand drivers, described trends and analytical aspects of the blood sampling programme applicable in 1974. Studies have continued, and this booklet describes the results of further investigations and illustrates the depth of knowledge that has been acquired.  In December 1978 New Zealand introduced a breath alcohol offence to complement the existing blood alcohol legislation.  The experiments leading to the introduction of breath alcohol testing procedures are summarised, and the operating experiences with the evidential breath test devices are described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201788</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PROBLEM OF THE INTOXICATED DRIVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201789</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of the New Zealand legislation concerning the intoxicated driver is described, and the present procedure for administering breath and blood sampling is discussed.  The statistics of drinking and driving, blood sampling, breath sampling, alcohol analysis, and variation in sampling rates are considered. The annual road fatality rate, expressed as deaths per million litres of petrol used, has decreased from 0.35 before 1969 to 0.29 in 1978.  The consumption of alcoholic liquors has trebled since 1938.  Evidence of a reduction in the proportion of road accidents occurring at night-time is interpreted as a positive effect of enforcement of the drinking and driving legislation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201789</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INCIDENCE OF REPEATED DRINKING-DRIVING OFFENCES IN THE AUCKLAND REGION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201790</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blood alcohol analysis records of blood samples taken under the Transport Act in the Auckland district between 1970 and 1976 were studied to determine the repeat offence rate.  One driver in 8 whose blood had been analysed under the Transport Act for alcohol was requested to give samples again within 5 years.  Various associated factors, such as the driver's blood alcohol level and occupation, have also been studied.  Blood samples from recidivist drivers had a significantly higher average alcohol concentration than those from non-recidivist drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201790</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BLOOD ALCOHOL ANALYSIS BY SEMI-AUTOMATED COMPUTERISED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201791</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The alcohol analysis of Transport Act blood samples has been centralised and semi-automated.  Samples are diluted with 1-propanol and heated in a water bath, and the headspace vapour is automatically injected into the gas chromatograph.  The various stages of the analysis, including a check analysis, are described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201791</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ACCURACY OF BLOOD ALCOHOL ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201792</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of investigations of the accuracy of the current method used for the analysis of alcohol in Transport Act blood specimens in New Zealand are described.  The method, using automated headspace gas chromatography with internal standardisation, continues to be the method of choice.  The procedure of deducting 6 mg/100 ml from the analyst's mean figure to allow for analytical variation has been shown to be more than adequate for specimens near the legal limit of 80 mg/100 ml.  For specimens above 120 mg/100 ml the deduction is still satisfactory, but may not provide the 99.9% confidence level applicable at lower alcohol values.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201792</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF BLOOD SAMPLES CONTAINING ALCOHOL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201793</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although sodium fluoride protects blood samples from changes in alcohol content arising from microbial action, small losses of alcohol due to oxidation occur in stored blood samples.  In controlled laboratory experiments oxidative losses were minimised by the incorporation of sodium azide into the blood sample at a concentration between 0.15 and 0.3%.  In blood alcohol standards (100.6 mg alcohol per 100 ml blood) prepared with sodium azide, and stored at 4 deg C for up to 3 months, alcohol losses amounted to only 1.65 plus or minus 0.15 mg/100 ml.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201793</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPUTER CONTROL OF THE ANALYSIS OF BLOOD ALCOHOL SAMPLES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201794</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A small computer is used (a) to establish retention times and integrated areas of chromatoraphic peaks arising from a batch of blood alcohol samples and standards in a head space sampling gas chromatograph, (b) to handle most of the clerical work associated with the process, and (c) to manage the automated blood alcohol system and to provide management information. The system was introduced in August 1976.  The capacity of the system to process blood samples is considerably beyond the normal requirements for enforcement purposes of 10,000-16,000 blood samples per year.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201794</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRUGS AND DRIVING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201795</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Analyses were carried out on blood samples taken from 254 drivers whose driving impairment was suspected to be due to drugs.  Drugs were detected in 95 samples (37%), 58 of which contained the drug diazepam.  Results obtained are discussed in relationship to the pattern of drug prescribing in New Zealand.  The levels of drugs detected are also discussed in terms of possible driving impairment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201795</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CANNABIS AND DRIVING IN NEW ZEALAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201796</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Patterns of use of cannabis in New Zealand and the role of cannabis in accident causation are discussed. Methods for measuring cannabinoid levels in the body are reviewed.  The significance of blood levels of Delta-THC and its metabolites to intoxication are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201796</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EVIDENTIAL BREATH TESTING OF THE NEW ZEALAND DRIVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201797</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The New Zealand legislation provides for evidential breath testing of suspected intoxicated drivers, in relation to a statutory limit of 500 micrograms of alcohol per litre of breath.  At present, breath tests are carried out on a hand-held fuel cell device, the ALCO-SENSOR II, calibrated to read directly in breath alcohol concentration units of micrograms per litre. Laboratory and field performance tests were carried out before the breath testing legislation was prepared, to determine the suitability of the ALCO-SENSOR II for evidential breath testing.  The results of these tests are described.  Since the breath-testing law came into effect, the operational characteristics of the device have been examined, and it is shown that, during field use, there is no systematic change in calibration.  From an examination of 1940 breath test results, it is estimated that the introduction of evidential breath testing in December 1978 has effected a 64% reduction in blood sampling.  Only 18.2% of drivers found to have a breath alcohol concentration above the legal limit exercised their option of rejecting the result in favour of a blood test.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201797</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PROBLEM OF THE INTOXICATED DRIVER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/188989</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The development of the New Zealand legislation concerning the intoxicated driver is described, and the present procedure for administering breath and blood sampling is discussed.  The statistics of drinking and driving, blood sampling, breath sampling, alcohol analysis, and variation in sampling rates are considered.  The annual road fatality rate, expressed as deaths per million litres of petrol used, has decreased from 0.35 before 1969 to 0.29 in 1978. The consumption of alcoholic liquors has trebled since 1938. Evidence of a reduction in the proportion of road accidents occurring at night-time is interpreted as a positive effect of enforcement of the drinking and driving legislation. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/188989</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INCIDENCE OF REPEATED DRINKING-DRIVING OFFENCES IN THE AUCKLAND REGION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/188990</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blood alcohol analysis records of blood samples taken under the Transport Act in the Auckland District between 1970 and 1976 were studied to determine the repeat offence rate. One driver in 8 whose blood had been analysed under the Transport Act for alcohol was requested to give samples again within 5 years.  Various associated factors, such as the driver's blood alcohol level and occupation, have also been studied.  Blood samples from recidivist drivers had a significantly higher alcohol concentration than those from non-recidivist drivers.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/188990</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BLOOD ALCOHOL ANALYSIS BY SEMI-AUTOMATED COMPUTERISED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/188991</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The alcohol analysis of Transport Act blood samples has been centralised and semi-automated.  Samples are diluted with 1-propanol and heated in a water bath, and the headspace vapour is automatically injected into the gas chromatograph. The various stages of the analysis, including a check analysis, are described.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/188991</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ACCURACY OF BLOOD ALCOHOL ANALYSIS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/188992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The results of investigations of the accuracy of the current method used for the analysis of alcohol in Transport Act blood specimens in New Zealand are described.  The method, using automated headspace gas chromatography with internal standardisation, continues to be the method of choice.  The procedure of deducting 6 mg/100 ml from the analyst's mean figure to allow for analytical variation has been shown to be more than adequate for specimens near the legal limit of 80 mg/100 ml.  For specimens above 120 mg/100 ml the deduction is still satisfactory, but may not provide the 99.9% confidence level applicable at lower alcohol values. (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/188992</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF BLOOD SAMPLES CONTAINING ALCOHOL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/188993</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Although sodium fluoride protects blood samples from changes in alcohol content arising from microbial action, small losses of alcohol due to oxidation occur in stored blood samples.  In controlled laboratory experiments oxidative losses were minimised by the incorporation of sodium azide into the blood sample at a concentration between 0.15 and 0.3%.  In blood alcohol standards (100.6 mg alcohol per 100 ml blood) prepared with sodium azide, and stored at 4 degree C for up to 3 months, alcohol losses amounted to only 1.65 plus or minus 0,15 mg/100 ml.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 30 Jun 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/188993</guid>
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