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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Road traffic crash risk associated with benzodiazepine and z-hypnotic use after implementation of a colour-graded pictogram: a responsibility study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423538</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 19 Sep 2016 14:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1423538</guid>
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      <title>Psychotropic Drugs and Risk of Motor Vehicle Accidents: A Population-Based Case-Control Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1257518</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the results of a study undertaken to examine the relationship between exposure to four classes of psychotropic drugs and motor vehicle crashes.  The drugs in the study were antipsychotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs (zolpidem, zolpiclone and zaleplon).  The authors set up a matched case-control study of 5,183 adult subjects who had experienced crashes and 31,093 matched controls, identified from the claims records of outpatient healthcare visits during the period from 2000 to 2009. The results showed a significant increased risk of a crash in subjects taking antidepressants within 1 month (adjusted odds ratio 1.73), 1 week (AOR 1.71), and 1 day (AOR 1.70) before the traffic crash occurred. Similar results were observed in subjects taking benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, but not antipsychotics.  In addition, the authors observed significant dose effects of three classes of drugs – antidepressants (including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] and tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs]), BZDs (including long-acting, short-acting, hypnotics, and anxiolytics), and Z-drugs - on the risk of experiencing a motor vehicle crash.  The authors conclude by encouraging physicians and pharmacists to caution patients taking psychotropic medications to pay increased attention to their driving performance, due to the increased risk of traffic crashes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jun 2014 15:27:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1257518</guid>
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      <title>Road traffic accidents and psychotropic medication use in the Netherlands: a case–control study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1127445</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The objective of the study was to examine the association between the use of commonly prescribed psychotropic medications and road traffic accident risk. A record-linkage database was used to perform a case–control study in the Netherlands. Data came from three sources: pharmacy prescription data, police traffic accident data and driving licence data. Cases were defined as drivers who had a traffic accident that required medical assistance between 2000 and 2007. Controls were defined as adults who had a driving licence and had no traffic accident during the study period. Psychotropic medicine groups examined were: antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives, and antidepressants stratified in the two groups, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and other antidepressants. Variables such as age, gender, medicine half-life and alcohol use were considered for the analysis. A significant association was found between traffic accident risk and exposure to anxiolytics and SSRIs. A statistically significant increased risk was also seen in chronic anxiolytic users, females and young users (18 to 29 years old), chronic SSRI users, females and middle-aged users (30 to 59 years old), and intermediate half-life hypnotic users. The results of this study support previous findings and confirm that psychoactive medications can constitute a problem in traffic safety. Health care providers and patients should be properly informed of the potential risks associated with the use of these medicines.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 2012 14:52:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1127445</guid>
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      <title>THE USE OF MICROCOMPUTER-BASED PSYCHOMOTOR TESTS FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE BENZODIAZEPINE EFFECTS ON HUMAN PERFORMANCE: A REVIEW WITH EMPHASIS ON TEMAZEPAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/383391</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The literature relating to the effects of benzodiazepines in general, and temazepam in particular, on human psychomotor performance as assessed using microcomputer-based testing batteries is surveyed.  The adverse effects of central nervous system depressants on performance is an important medicolegal issue and frequently comes into question in on-the-road and on-the-job accidents.  The use of microcomputer based testing batteries allows for performance evaluation both in the laboratory and at the scene as well as providing the opportunity to model a large number of different behaviors required in routine yet complex psychomotor tasks.  The conclusions are: (1) the benzodiazepines as a class of drugs impair both the cognitive and motor performance.  These effects are often subtle when low doses are involved or when testing occurs the morning following evening administration of the medicine.  (2) No single psychomotor task adequately simulates complex daily tasks such as automobile driving.  A battery of tests that evaluates a number of the components of such tasks is necessary to determine adequately the full range of effects of these medications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 03 Nov 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/383391</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRIVING TESTS WITH PATIENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/276981</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Mental illness and the use of psychotropic drugs are considered to influence driving skills of patients. However, studies which indicate the relative contributions of these factors are rare.  It is emphasized that for measuring the effects of psychotropic drugs on driving performance of patients, real driving tests are needed. Actual driving and psychomotor performance of patients receiving diazepam, and patients and healthy volunteers receiving mebhydrolin were measured to illustrate the use of real driving tests.  The results of both studies are discussed in terms of problems associated with the application of these tests.  Patient recruitment is considered to be a major problem.  To draw conclusions under these circumstances is extremely difficult, but still acceptable in comparison with the limitations and methodological difficulties of the more commonly used laboratory tests.  Some guidelines for driving tests with patients are given.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 30 Nov 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/276981</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>ATTENTION TASKS AS SKILLS PERFORMANCE MEASURES OF DRUG EFFECTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271510</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Both empirical epidemiological data on the causes of traffic accidents and conceptual models of skilled human performance stress the central role of perception and cognition.  This paper examines the effects of drugs on two major components of cognitive perceptual performance, namely, concentrated attention or vigilance and divided attention.  It is demonstrated that these two types of attention tasks are differentially affected by various drugs, so that sometimes one and sometimes another of these tasks is impaired. Various experimental paradigms to investigate these two attention functions are presented. It is demonstrated that attention tasks are frequently highly sensitive to drug effects, suggesting the importance of examining these functions when investigating the effects of drugs on skills performance.(a*)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 31 Jul 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271510</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>EFFECTS OF CLOBAZAM AND LORAZEPAM ON ASPECTS OF PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AND CAR HANDLING ABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/217198</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Laboratory tests of psychomotor performance and "on road" assessments of car handling ability were made following repeated doses of clobazam 10 mg three times daily, lorazepam 1 mg three times daily and matching placebo 1 capsule three times daily.  Both active compounds produced an impairment, compared to placebo, in some mental arithmetic and letter cancellation tasks, but these effects were neither widespread nor consistent.  Lorazepam produced a significant impairment of car driving tasks and analogue rating scales of subjective alertness.  The pronounced sedative activity of the drug was also shown in the verbal reports of side effects and in indices of early morning sedation derived from the Leeds sleep evaluation questionnaire.  Clobazam did not produce either the objective, or the subjective impairment of performance and alertness found with lorazepam, the results taken as a whole show important differences between the 1,4 benzodiazepine, lorazepam, and the 1,5 benzodiazepine, clobazam, in their effects on the integrity of psychomotor performance related to car driving ability.  (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Jan 1986 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/217198</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECTS OF CLOBAZAM AND LORAZEPAM ON ASPECTS OF PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE AND CAR HANDLING ABILITY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/179976</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Laboratory tests of psychomotor performance and "on road" assessments of car handling ability were made following repeated doses of clobazam 10 mg three times daily, lorazepam 1 mg three times daily and matching placebo 1 capsule three times daily. Both active compounds produced an impairment, compared to placebo, in some mental arithmetic and letter cancellation tasks, but these effects were neither widespread nor consistent. Lorazepam produced a significant impairment of car driving tasks and analogue rating scales of subjective alertness. The pronounced sedative activity of the drug was also shown in the verbal reports of side effects and in indices of early morning sedation derived from the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Clobazam did not produce either the objective, or the subjective impairment of performance and alertness found with lorazepam. The results taken as a whole show important differences between the 1,4 benzodizaepine, lorazepam, and the 1,5 benzodiazepine, clobazam, in their effects on the integrity of psychomotor performance related to car driving ability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 May 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/179976</guid>
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      <title>MODIFICATION BY DIAZEPAM OR THIORIDAZINE OF THE PSYCHOMOTOR SKILLS RELATED TO DRIVING: A SUBACUTE TRAIL IN NEUROTIC OUT-PATIENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/52862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Forty-five out-patients with clinically manifested anxiety were tested in order to study the effects of 2 weeks' treatment with placebo, diazepam (5-10 mg three times daily) or thioridazine (25-50 mg three times daily) on their psychomotor skills related to driving.  When compared with placebo, diazepam increased the number of mistakes in reaction and co-ordination tests and also decreased ability to discriminate the fusion of flickering light.  When compared to other groups, reactive and co-ordinative skills were more impaired in patients treated with thioridazine which also impaired divided attention.  Subjectively thioridazine was not experienced as effective an anziolytic as diazepam.  /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/52862</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>RESIDUAL EFFECTS AND SKILLS RELATED TO DRIVING AFTER A SINGLE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF DIAZEPAM, MEDAZEPAM OR LORAZEPAM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/52863</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Psychomotor skills and visual functions related to driving were measured double-blind cross-over in ten healthy volunteers before, and 1,3,5 and 7 h after a single oral administration of diazepam (10 MG), medazepam (15 mg) or lorazepam (2.5 mg).  The late effects of lorazepam were tested in seven other subjects 12 and 25 h after the administration.  Lopazepam impaired almost all the measured skills more (p less than 0.05 to 0.001) than diazepam, medazepam or the placebo.  The lorazepam impairment of reactive skills and flicker fusion discrimination remained statistically significant (p less than 0.05) for as long as 12 h.  Medazepam impaired only reactive skills and flicker fusion, the latter remaining impaired (p less than 0.05) for as long as 5 h after the administration.  The magnitude and duration of the effects of diazepam were intermediate between those of lorazepam and medazepam.  Diazepam impaired perceptual speed and reactive and co-ordinative skills as well as flicker fusion discrimination and visual parameters related to driving.  Slight impairments in performance were measurable for up to 5 h after administration but at 7 h the results resembled those measured after the placebo.  The lack of alternations in adaptation to darkness, sensitivity to brightness or visual discrimination ability in bright counterlight at a time when flicker fusion discrimination was severely depressed suggests that an impaired ability to discriminate flickering light is of no or little clinical significance to driving ability.  It is concluded that patients receiving a 2.5 mg dose of lorazepam should not drive or operate mechinery for 24 h after the administration.  After diazepam (10 mg) or medazepam (15 mg) patients should refrain from driving or participating in skilled performances for only 5 to 7 hours.  /Author/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/52863</guid>
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