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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Application of Topology Optimization and Artificial Intelligence based Evolutionary Algorithm to Minimize the Contribution of the Caliper in Brake Squeal Noise</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431255</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The squeal noise is one of the critical factors to qualify a disc brake design from the Noise Vibration and Harshness (NVH) perspective. It is imperative to be watchful of the unstable natural modes of the brake assembly which trigger squeal. Any design modification for reducing a part’s contribution to targeted squeal mode can adversely affect and give rise to new squeal modes. Also, controlling conflicting requirements like mass, strength, and casting manufacturability, further adds up complexity, which increases design iterations and product cost. In view of these challenges, the application of the topological optimizations embedded under an artificial intelligence (AI) driven optimization workflow is explored. The scope of optimization is kept limited only to the caliper. Complex eigenvalue (EV) finite element analysis (FEA) of baseline design brake assembly is performed which predicts critical squeal mode having 34% strain energy contribution from caliper. To improve the squeal performance, surface morphing-based shape optimization with mode tracking is explored, which can be useful in the finetuning stages of the design. However, at the initial stages, topological optimizations play an important role in obtaining suitable concepts. Since commercial topological optimization tools do not support complex EV analysis, an integrated and automated workflow is developed. In this, the caliper geometry is first topologically optimized for mass, stiffness, casting manufacturing constraints, followed by complex EV analysis of the optimized geometry. A dummy thermal analysis is included in topology optimization, which equivalently simulates irrotational inviscid fluid flow to improve casting filling performance. Furthermore, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver is added to the workflow to simulate the viscous flow effects during filling process. AI based evolutionary multi-objective optimization algorithm is used to perform multi-disciplinary optimization on the caliper geometry. The best candidate obtained from virtual design iterations exhibited significant reduction in caliper’s strain energy contribution to 9% or less in squeal all modes, reduction in number of squeal modes while having better strength as compared to baseline design with controlled weight addition.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2024 13:43:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431255</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Piston and Guide-Pin Rattle Noise Mitigation in Electro-Mechanical Brake Caliper</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431229</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Brake caliper commonly utilizes rubber or spring components to maintain specific clearance range for sliding characteristics, rendering them susceptible to rattle noise. The Electro-Mechanical Brake (EMB) caliper has attracted attention for its advantageous features such as reduced brake drag, optimized vehicle layout, and precise brake control. However, the inclusion of additional components related to the dry-type pressurizing system results in increased caliper weight and susceptibility to rattle noise. This study thoroughly examines rattle noise characteristics in our prototype EMB caliper, identifying primary noise sources on the piston and guide-pin sides. Implementing piston seals and guide-pin boots tightening force proves the effectiveness in improving rattle noise characteristics. Collisions between the piston and ball-screw head can be mitigated by piston inner seal, significantly reducing rattle noise. The effectiveness of the piston outer seal is limited and can be sufficiently substituted through improved tightening force in the piston boot. Additionally, the guide-pin side is identified as significant source of rattle noise, with enhancements in guide-pin boot tightening force showing improved rattle noise characteristics, particularly under new pad conditions. These findings provide valuable insights for developing EMB calipers to minimize rattle noise, contributing to quieter and more efficient future braking systems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Sep 2024 13:43:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431229</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comprehensive Study on Challenges to Introduce Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEBS) Feature in Indian Perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431325</link>
      <description><![CDATA[India is a diverse country in terms of road conditions, road maintenance, traffic conditions, traffic density, quality of traffic which implies presence of agricultural tractors, bullock carts, autos, motor bikes, oncoming traffic in same lane, vulnerable road users (VRU) walking in the same lanes as vehicles, VRU’s crossing roads without using zebra crossings etc. as additional traffic quality deterrents in comparison to developed countries. The braking capacity of such vivid road users may not be at par with global standards due to their maintenance, loading beyond specifications, driver behavior which includes the tendency to maintain a close gap between the preceding vehicle etc. which may lead to incidents specifically of rear collisions due to the front vehicle going through an emergency braking event. The following paper provides a comprehensive study of the special considerations or intricacies in implementation of Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEBS) feature into Indian traffic perspective. The paper provides a comparison of the AEBS standard between Indian and EU markets. The paper provides the differences in traffic quality of Indian roads in comparison with EU to justify the limitations to be dealt with and eventually this paper also provides a detailed study on the special considerations to be inculcated in developing such feature specific to Indian customer and to enhance the safety of occupant as well as other road users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431325</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Initial Corrosion and Wear Behavior of Brake Rotors Treated with Plasma Electrolytic Aluminating or Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Process</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431281</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To combat corrosion and wear issues of automotive brake discs, many manufacturers have introduced various surface treatment technologies, such as thermal spraying, laser cladding, and ferritic nitrocarburizing (FNC). Besides those surface treatment technologies, a plasma electrolytic aluminating (PEA) process has also shown to be effective in producing alumina-based ceramic coatings on cast iron substrates, providing an enhanced corrosion resistance. In this study, the PEA-coated brake rotor and FNC-treated brake rotor were comparatively tested in various corrosion conditions, including an electrochemical corrosion test and simulative corrosion experiment, before and after a road driving test. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) were used to observe and analyze morphology and chemical compositions of the surfaces and cross-sections of the tested rotors. The results showed that the new PEA-coated brake rotor demonstrated the best corrosion resistance in the electrochemical corrosion test among all given tested cases. After the vehicle test, the PEA-coated rotor surface had an obvious materials transfer layer which can protect the rotor from abrasive wear. The transfer layer materials sourcing from the low-met brake pads however contained metallic elements, leading to appearance of a lower corrosion resistance during the electrochemical corrosion test. In duration of the vehicle road test (1000 braking events at 0.3-0.4 g), the FNC brake rotor showed some loss of its white layer but maintained its nitrogen diffusion layer, which still showed protection to the brake rotor base material from corrosion. It was also found that some surface areas where the graphite flakes were located on FNC-treated cast iron brake disc surface were exposed to the ambient environment, which may be a reason why the localized corrosion appeared on the FNC-treated rotor in the late stage of the vehicle road test.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431281</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An Archive-Based Micro Genetic Algorithm Approach for Optimizing Wheel Bearing Performance and Reducing Friction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431258</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cars and vans are accountable for 14.5% of the total CO2 emissions in the European Union, exerting a significant impact on public health and the environment. To align with the climate objectives set by the Council and the European Parliament, the Fit for 55 package encompasses a series of proposals aimed at revising and modernizing EU legislation while introducing new initiatives. The ultimate goal is to ensure that EU policies are in harmony with the climate targets, specifically the EU’s aspiration to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels and achieve climate neutrality by 2050. To meet the fleet average emissions targets, automotive Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are compelled to reduce emissions from their vehicles by addressing various components. The urgent need for car makers to reduce their carbon footprint, combined with the imperative to improve the mileage range of electric vehicles, has led to the creation of a novel methodology.This approach focuses on optimizing car wheel bearing performance, with a particular emphasis on reducing friction. In contrast to traditional methodologies relying on Design of Experiments (DOE) investigations, the newly developed tool leverages an Archive-based Micro Genetic Algorithm (AMGA) for optimization. This algorithm excels in identifying the optimal bearing design within a constrained timeframe and significantly reduces the number of calculations required. Consequently, this innovation leads to a streamlined customer response process with a notably reduced lead time and fully customized design. The tool comprehensively improves bearing performance by evaluating the internal design geometry to assess ball set friction and identifying optimal dimensions for the seal design.The objective of this paper is to delineate the comprehensive process involved in setting up and executing optimization, beginning with the identification of the most suitable algorithm. The paper further details the formulation of the optimization strategy tailored to meet customer requirements, highlights the key design factors identified for optimization and concludes by presenting the optimization results that underscore the potential for friction reduction. This holistic exploration covers the entire spectrum of optimization, offering insights into algorithm selection, strategy customization, and the tangible benefits achieved through friction reduction in the outcomes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431258</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Brake Heat Capacity Prediction Using a Machine-Learned Friction Coefficient Model and Virtual Wheel Brake</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431263</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recently, the increasing complexity of systems and diverse customer demands have necessitated the development of highly efficient vehicles. The ability to accurately predict vehicle performance through simulation allows for the determination of design specifications before the construction of test vehicles, leading to reduced development schedules and costs. Therefore, detailed brake thermal performance predictions are required both for the front and rear brakes. Moreover, scenarios requiring validation, such as alpine conditions that apply braking severity to xEV with the regenerative braking system, have become increasingly diverse. To address this challenge, this study proposes a co-simulation method that incorporates a machine-learned brake pad friction coefficient prediction model to enhance the accuracy of brake thermal capacity predictions within the vehicle simulation environment. This innovative method allows for the simultaneous prediction of both front and rear-wheel brakes. The required brake torques for the front and rear wheels are calculated based on the vehicle model and driving scenarios. The brake system model generates the necessary pressure during deceleration, whereas the friction coefficient is crucial in creating brake torque, resulting in brake power for both the front and rear brakes. Within the simulation model, the virtual wheel brake calculates the speed, pressure, and disc temperature based on vehicle driving schedules. The machine-learned model utilizes these variables as inputs and returns the friction coefficient. The prediction accuracy of torque and disc temperature improved significantly as the virtual wheel brake utilized the friction coefficient received from the model trained using the mixed-effects random forest algorithm.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431263</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Application of Machine Learning Models to Enable Virtual Development of High Performance Brake Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431253</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The once rarified field of Artificial Intelligence, and its subset field of Machine Learning have very much permeated most major areas of engineering as well as everyday life. It is already likely that few if any days go by for the average person without some form of interaction with Artificial Intelligence. Inexpensive, fast computers, vast collections of data, and powerful, versatile software tools have transitioned AI and ML models from the exotic to the mainstream for solving a wide variety of engineering problems. In the field of braking, one particularly challenging problem is how to represent tribological behavior of the brake, such as friction and wear, and a closely related behavior, fluid consumption (or piston travel in the case of mechatronic brakes), in a model. This problem has been put in the forefront by the sharply crescendo-ing push for fast vehicle development times, doing high quality system integration work early on, and the starring role of analysis-based tools in enabling this strategy. Focusing even further, brake corner systems under duress – such as high temperatures, and high braking power, can exhibit highly non-linear and in-stop varying behavior that can be exceedingly difficult to model accurately. The present work chronicles efforts by the author and colleagues to develop machine learning models that capture this complex behavior and generalize sufficiently well to continue representing the performance of the brake under high energy driving conditions, even as the models are presented with new braking conditions that were not part of the training of the models. The utility of the models in the prediction of system-level performance is demonstrated through a case study application to calibrating a fade warning feature. The present work is shown from the perspective of a practicing engineer, not a data scientist, with some details that may prove mundane to the latter – but a strong motivation behind this work is to share the experience of getting started and some practical lessons learned towards the use of these powerful machine learning tools to solving practical problems in the field of brake engineering.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431253</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Study on the Countermeasure to EURO7 Brake Dust Regulation Phase 1</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431252</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a case study to cope with the brake dust regulation of EURO7, countermeasures were listed, and evaluation and verification studies using C segment sports utility vehicle were conducted on them. Through this phase1 study, it was most reasonable to apply hard metal cladding disks and metallic friction material to front brake and apply friction materials as NAO with less dust generation to rear brake. This was because it is possible to satisfy new regulations without deteriorating the required performance in Europe. However, it is necessary to develop detailed specifications of discs and friction materials to satisfy our braking development goals for European models in the Phase 2.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431252</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of Disc-Brake Squeal Considering Lining Wear</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431251</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Brake squeal is a phenomenon caused by various factors such as stiffness of brake components, mode coupling, friction coefficient, friction force variation, pressure, temperature and humidity. FEA simulation is effective at predicting and investigating the cause of brake squeal, and is widely used. However, in many FEA simulations, models of brake lining are mostly a brand-new shaper, so that the change of pressure distribution or pad shape, which can occur due to the lining wear, are not taken account. In this research, brake squeal analysis was conducted with consideration of lining wear, applying Fortran codes for Abaqus user subroutine. The brake assembly model for the analysis is created by using a 3D scanner and has a close shape to the real one. The wear patterns calculated by the analysis are similar to those of brake pads after a noise test. The complex eigenvalue analysis shows two unstable modes at the frequency of squeal occurred in the noise test. One is out-of-plane vibration mode of the rotor and another is in-plane vibration mode of the rotor. These modes do not come out in the case of analysis with a brand-new lining shape. The results of parameter studies on physical properties and geometries of brake lining show the analysis model in this research is effective in reducing squeal of the brake system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431251</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Moisture Adsorption and Compression Deformation Behavior of Semimet vs. NAO Brake Pads: Effect of Pad Cure Temperatures and Moisture Adsorption on Low-Speed Friction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431245</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Moisture adsorption and compression deformation behaviors of Semimet and Non-Asbestos Organic brake pads were studied and compared for the pads cured at 120, 180 and 240 0C. The 2 types of pads were very similar in moisture adsorption behavior despite significant differences in composition. After being subjected to humidity and repeated compression to 160 bars, they all deform via the poroviscoelastoplastic mechanism, become harder to compress, and do not fully recover the original thickness after the pressure is released for 24 hours. In the case of the Semimet pads, the highest deformation occurs with the 240 °C-cure pads. In the case of the NAO pads, the highest deformation occurs with the 120 0C-cure pads. In addition, the effect of pad cure temperatures and moisture adsorption on low-speed friction was investigated. As pad properties change all the time in storage and in service because of continuously changing humidity, brake temperature and pressure, one must question any approach trying to relate unused virgin pad properties to brake friction and noise in service, including any attempt to model or simulate brake friction and noise using virgin pad properties.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431245</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modelling and Simulation of Electronic Brake Booster with Fuzzy Logic Control</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431241</link>
      <description><![CDATA[On one hand, simulation tools are widely used to study and examine new technologies before building prototypes. It is a cost and time saver if it is mathematically modeled with and simulated in real time with sufficient fidelity. On the other hand, the expansion of electric and hybrid vehicle development requested advancing the Electronic Brake Booster (EBB) technologies. In this paper, a simulation tool for the EBB is developed to simulate the performance in real time with a very quick response compared to the previous models with a novel fuzzy logic control (FLC) for the position tracking control. The configuration of the EBB is established, and the system model, including the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a double reduction transmission (gears and a ball screw), a servo body, a reaction disc, and the hydraulic load, is modeled. The load-dependent friction has been compensated by using the Karnopp-friction model. FLC has been used for the control algorithm. The control concept focused on transforming the pressure control of the EBB into position tracking control to overcome the nonlinearity and achieve the control process with the required precision and dynamics. The EBB simulation model has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink, and an ode4 Runge-Kutta solver with a step size of 10 milliseconds is used to solve the differential equations of the model. In order to present the reliability of the developed simulation model, a comparison was made with a widely referenced and validated EBB model that was developed to simulate the performance. The simulation results showed a very good correlation between the developed model and the widely referenced model. In addition to that, the developed model is able to simulate the performance of the EBB faster than the widely referenced model and has real-time behavior.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431241</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Evaluation of Friction Torque in Tapered Roller Bearings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431244</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A bearing is a mechanical component that transmits rotation and supports load. Depending on the type of rotating mechanism, bearings are categorized into ball bearings and tapered-roller bearings. Tapered-roller bearings are superior to ball bearings in load-bearing capabilities. They are used in applications where high loads, such as, the wheel bearings for commercial vehicles and trucks, aircraft, high-speed trains, and heavy-duty spindles for heavy machinery must be supported. The demand for reducing the friction torque in automobiles has recently increased owing to carbon-emission regulations and fuel-efficiency requirements. Therefore, research on the friction torque of bearings is essential; studies have been conducted on lubrication, friction, and contact in tapered-roller bearings. There have also been studies on lip friction, roller misalignment, and so on; however, research on the influence of roller geometries and material properties is scarce. This study investigated the friction torque of tapered-roller bearings taking roller geometries and material uncertainties into consideration. The friction torque of tapered-roller bearings subject to axial loads was calculated theoretically and compared to experimental results. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to evaluate the influence of roller geometries and material uncertainties on the friction torque of the bearings. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation showed a distribution skewed to the left. A correlation analysis of the random variables suggested that the outer raceway half angle and rib angle had a significant impact on the friction torque. In conclusion, the method proposed in this study enables the identification of factors influencing the torque of tapered-roller bearings. It is anticipated that these results can be utilized in the design of tapered-roller bearings.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431244</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on Acceleration Slip Regulation for Battery Electric Vehicle</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431240</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As an important part of the automobile electronic control system, the acceleration slip regulation takes the tire slip rate as the main control target. By controlling the wheel driving force, the tire maintains a stable adhesion state to obtain good driving stability and power. This paper takes battery electric vehicles as the research object and explores the application of acceleration slip regulation in vehicle drive control. In order to obtain the true vehicle speed when the wheel slips, a vehicle speed observer based on extended Kalman Filter is proposed. Secondly, this paper designs a road surface recognition method based on fuzzy theory, which obtains the optimal slip rate under current road conditions by taking the actual slip rate and road surface adhesion coefficient as input. When a vehicle is driving on a road with different adhesion coefficients on the left and right sides, one side of the wheel may slip severely while the opposite side wheel does not slip. In order to ensure the longitudinal stability of the car while driving, this paper designs a torque distribution system based on the optimal slip rate. Then, through software Carsim/simulink Co-simulation, the simulation results are analyzed and it is found that the acceleration slip regulation designed in this paper has good implementation effects and significant Improves the longitudinal stability and safety of the vehicle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431240</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Low-Speed Stop and Near Zero-Speed Start-to-Move Brake Noise: Effect of Moisture Adsorption, Prior Braking and Deceleration Rate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431238</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The influence of moisture adsorption, prior braking, and deceleration rate on the low-speed braking noise has been investigated, using copper-free disc pads on a passenger car. With increasing moisture adsorption time, decreasing severity of prior braking or increasing deceleration rate, the noise sound level increases for the air-borne exterior noise as well as for the structure-borne interior noise. The near-end stop noise and the zero-speed start-to-move noise show a good correlation. Also, a good correlation is found between the noise measured on a noise dynamometer and on a vehicle for the air-borne noise. All the variables need to be precisely controlled to achieve repeatable and reliable results for dynamometer and vehicle braking groan noise tests. It appears that the zero-speed start-to-move vehicle interior noise is caused by the pre-slip vibration of the brake: further research is needed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431238</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Establishing a Method of Optimizing Wheel Bearing Outer Ring Design for Bearing Life Using a Surrogate Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431237</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Wheel bearings play a critical role in providing smooth rotation when vehicles move in straight line and turning motions. If a wheel bearing catastrophically fails, there is the possibility of vehicle damage or even personal injury. Since this is the case, wheel bearings require a higher level of reliability and robustness. With the drive towards a carbon neutral society against the background of global warming in recent years, the demand for lightweighting and lower friction for wheel bearings has become a priority. Weight reductions will cause larger deformation of each bearing component, and especially raceway deformation of the outer ring will impact bearing life. Therefore, optimization of the outer ring geometry is required to meet bearing life requirements and to achieve a lightweight design. In this research, we clarified not only the relationship between outer ring raceway deformation and multiple outer ring geometries under turning load using FEM (Finite Element Method) but also between outer ring shape and bearing life. After performing FEM for multiple outer ring shapes by design of experiments, we calculated both deformation in the raceway and bearing life. As a result, we can predict bearing life given deformation of the outer ring, defining each dimension of the outer ring as design variable using the response surface method. Our findings reveal that optimizing the outer ring geometry significantly enhances bearing life while achieving a lightweight design.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 16 Sep 2024 16:19:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2431237</guid>
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