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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>RX ALCOHOL AND HEALTH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/270383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article makes observations about alcohol use by physicians and women, and comments on its use by drivers.  It has been recommended that doctors be given breath tests before entering operating theaters. The medical profession is urged to provide courses in avoiding alcohol in medical schools, and to monitor its members more closely.  Studies have shown that women who drink moderate amounts of alcohol experience increased depression, anger and mental confusion even when they are sober.  It is noted that intoxicated drivers are more subject to serious injury in an auto crash than a non-drinker.  Alcohol is used in several over-the-counter and prescription drugs. Such drugs when taken with other drugs can cause unpleasant side effects.  A drug that seems to block alcohol's effect on memory and reduce the desire for alcohol is zimelidine.  This may provide a new treatment for alcoholism.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/270383</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>PENDULUM SWINGS ON LEGAL DRINKING AGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/218004</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reviews the case for a legal drinking age from the time of the repeal of Prohibition to the Surface Transportation Act of 1984.  It points out how the impetus for lowering the drinking age had little or nothing to do with alcohol-related issues and how it was supported by leadership in the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.  Momentum for downward shifts in the drinking age began to decline apparently when data began coming in from states who had opted for lower drinking ages.  No state lowered its legal age after mid-1973 and in 1976, Minnesota began to reverse the trend by raising its legal age from 18 to 19.  The impetus for a national drinking-age law began in New Jersey. Under new national legislation, beginning October 1, 1986, any state which allows youth under 21 years of age to purchase beer, wine or distilled spirits will lose a part of its federal highway construction money.  A list is provided showing the estimated loss of federal highway funds for non-21 states.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/218004</guid>
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      <title>ONE SIZE FITS ALL...OR DOES IT?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/218005</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this article is to make readers aware of the variety of approaches to prevention of alcohol abuse among young people under 21, especially high school teenagers.  Stating that "one size does not fit all," it discusses the "Safe Rides" program, which saves lives but at the same time seems to condone drinking by those under the legal drinking age, the Students Against Driving Drunk (SADD) program, which receives a large share of their support from the liquor industry, and the "Safe Homes" program, which provides alcohol-free parties for teenagers.  Legitimate questions are asked regarding the effectiveness of these programs and readers are encouraged to respond.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/218005</guid>
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      <title>A POSITIVE PROGRAM TO PREVENT DRUNK DRIVING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/218006</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article describes the "Know Your Driver" program to prevent drunk driving by rewarding good behavior and encouraging responsible decision-making.  The program was initiated in Michigan and Indiana during the 1983 Holiday Season.  Licensed establishments were asked if they would participate in a program aimed at making it socially acceptable for persons planning to drive to refrain from drinking alcoholic beverages altogether. The new "Know Your Driver" program incorporates suggestions which came from restaurant and bar owners who participated in the initial campaign.  The new program involves participating sponsors who offer free nonalcoholic beverages to designated drivers within groups who come to drink and dine.  The new program can also be used all year long.  It is a bright, colorful, and upbeat program with a positive approach developed by the Alcohol Research Information Service.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/218006</guid>
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      <title>ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, DIMENSIONS OF CORPORATE POWER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/218007</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The World Health Organization (WHO) report on Alcoholic Beverages, Dimensions of Corporate Power, was suppressed from publication primarily due to the exertion of commercial pressure.  This article publishes portions of the WHO report reprinted from "The Globe," an international magazine on alcohol and drug problems, published in Sweden.  The original report was the work of two WHO researchers, John Cavanagh and Frederick Clairmonte.  After certain parts of the report were made public through the press, the WHO decided to withhold the manuscript from publication.  Although the WHO would make no official statement on their reason for withholding the manuscript from publication, it is widely believed that their decision resulted from pressures from certain special interests in the countries most frequently mentioned in the report.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/218007</guid>
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      <title>CRACKDOWNS ONLY DRIVE ALCOHOLICS INTO HIDING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/201770</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This feature reprints a column by the author which appeared in a number of U.S. newpapers.  The column attempts to answer the question as to what is the best approach to reduce the drunk driving problem.  Through linking drunk driving to part of the large problem, alcohol misuse, an argument is made against stricter drunk driving laws in favor of retaining an approach which avoids stigmatizing alcohol by emphasizing early treatment for alcoholics and encourages a healthy atmosphere for those choosing to drink to do so responsibly and in moderation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/201770</guid>
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      <title>PREVENTION NOW! WE CAN'T AFFORD TO WAIT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/202097</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This is a presentation given by the author as the keynote address for an alcohol and drug abuse symposium held in Anchorage, Alaska, on March 7, 1983. The author gives rational answers to those who say that we must spend our resources on treatment instead of prevention and offers guidelines for prevention programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Feb 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/202097</guid>
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      <title>THE ECONOMICS OF ALCOHOLISM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/196972</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article shows how, according to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA) surveys, 9% of the drinking age population is responsible for consuming 68% of the alcohol in the U.S.  It points out how the liquor industry would have difficulty surviving economically, if any of the prevention, education and treatment programs disturbed the drinking patterns of society's heaviest drinkers. In a lead story in a newsletter of the Distilled Spirits Council of the U.S. (DISCUS), the President of DISCUS built a "solid case" for alcoholic beverages saying that drinking alcoholic beverages in moderation brought health benefits.  Using standards defined by the NIAA and beer, wine and spirits sales statistics for 1981, it is shown that if the drinking patterns among current alcohol drinkers were those of the "moderate use" category, the liquor industry would suffer a 40% decline from 1981 sales figures.  It is therefore urged that one does not place faith in the liquor industry's "moderation" campaigns, or welcome the appointment of liquor industry representatives on task forces handling alcohol-related problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/196972</guid>
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      <title>THE CONTINUING WAR AGAINST DRUNK DRIVING...</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/196973</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A number of factors may have contributed to the sharp decline in traffic accident deaths last year, but one of the major reasons for the improved safety record is the emphasis on preventing drunk driving crashes, which has been long recognized as the biggest single factor in traffic fatalities.  During the past year, more than half of the states moved to tighten drunk driving laws, including mandatory license suspensions, jail terms, random roadblocks to check for drunk drivers, and a more widespread use of breathalyzers to determine when one is legally "under the influence of alcohol" and should not drive. In a suburb of St. Louis, a local ordinance requires coin-operated breathalyzers installed in bars so that patrons can tell when they have had too much alcohol. The trend toward raising the legal drinking age has continued in New Jersey, moving it up to 21 years. Competitions have been sponsored to select exotic and tasteful nonalcoholic drinks.  Radio stations have run public service spots to help combat drunk driving.  Roadside advertising has also helped.  Some states have stiffer drunk driving laws.  The best results have been obtained in a mix of realistic penalties and no-nonsense enforcement.  This article describes examples of these current strategies from across the nation.  Citizens are encouraged to report drunk drivers.  Some states are considering seizing cars from motorists or using special license plates for those who have three convictions for drunk driving.  Some bar owners in Michigan are providing free rides home for intoxicated patrons.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/196973</guid>
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      <title>ALCOHOL PROBLEMS INDEX</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/196974</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Some of the findings of a 3 year National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA) study are discussed.  Alcohol epidemiological data from all states except Alaska and Hawaii were researched and basic indicators of alcohol problems were noted.  Seven factors contribute to the mortality rate from alcohol problems: cirrhosis, alcohol psychosis, alcoholism, alcohol poisoning, fatal highway accidents, suicide, and homicide.  Mortality rates for states are further classified according to health problems and casualties.  The casualty index includes highway fatalities and other such incidents.  The study also produced an index which rates each county and state with respect to a wide variety of ecological data, including factors which could place the area at risk for a high or low incidence of alcohol problems in the future.  The large number of Indian reservations in New Mexico places that state high on this index.  This article also draws attention to the proliferation of Nevada-style legalized gambling which could lead to bars open 24 hours and to heavy drinking.  The two largest counties in Nevada, namely Clark (Las Vegas) and Washow (Reno), are in the top 5 percent of all counties in the U.S. in the overall composite index for alcohol problems.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/196974</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>POINT OF LAW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/197028</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article discusses several court cases involving drunk drivers.  The first case shows the importance of "refusal-as-evidence" laws; another case deals with malicious intention of drunk drivers involved in accidents designated as vehicular homicides; another case involves a person who was convicted of negligent homicide for lending his car to a friend who was allegedly drunk; and the final case addresses the question of using alcoholism as the basis for defense of a person accused of a crime.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/197028</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>TAKE IT EASY ON DRUNKS?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/197105</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article is a rebuttal of the article written by Augustus H. Hewlett, president of the Washington-based Alcohol Policy Council.  Hewlett's article was encouraging a more lenient attitude toward drunk drivers.  Don Ball, himself an alcoholic, does not agree and bases some of his opinions on a consensus of Alcoholics Anonymous, which is that each time an alcoholic escapes personal responsibility for anti-social actions while drunk serves only to delay recovery.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Jan 1984 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/197105</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE PROBLEM OF ALCOHOL ADVERTISEMENTS IN COLLEGE NEWSPAPERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/187712</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A survey of 32 college newspapers found that alcohol dominates national advertising in these papers. Eleven of the 32 papers had more than two-thirds of their national advertising devoted to alcoholic beverages. First place for total space given to alcohol ads was won by Georgia State College in Altanta, with an average of 154 column inches per issue. This paper presents a discussion of these survey results, along with a closer look at the types of ads and messages which they convey. It is concluded that what the alcohol ads seem to promote is the temptation to chuck the hard work of study and intellection for the indignity of escape. The proposed method of dealing with the problem of alcohol ads is campus discussion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 1983 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/187712</guid>
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      <title>ALCOHOL USE IN TOP-RATED TELEVISION PROGRAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/182068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article is based on a study by Dr Bradley S. Greenberg, Professor of Communication and Telecommunication, Michigan State University. This study, which is an update of a previous study, indicates that in the 1980 top-ten prime time fictional series and the two top-rated soap operas, the incidence of scenes depicting tobacco usage and drug consumption is minuscule. On the other hand, the incidents per hour per show of alcohol consumption, inducements to consume, and laudatory remarks about the consumption of alcohol, were conspicuously present in all the shows. The research has not yet been taken to the point of examining whether these portrayals affect TV users. However, the author concludes it is clear that there is a sufficient number of incidents, typically presented in very positive social circumstances, to posit potential impact to the viewers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/182068</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A PLAN FOR DEALING WITH DRUNK DRIVERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/182069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article represents the author's testimony, given at a congressional hearing called to solicit ideas on how the courts can deal more effectively with drunk drivers. It goes beyond courtroom solutions to examine the whole spectrum of the drinking driver problem. It suggests different treatments for problem drinkers and reckless social drinkers, proposes the universal enactment of per se laws, and recommends mandatory two-day jail sentences. Other topics discussed include: monitoring court actions, money for enforcement actions, monitoring bars, closing bars at an earlier hour, media response to the problem, warnings on dangers of moderate drinking and driving, educational needs, needs for label warnings, and reduction of alcohol advertising.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Oct 1982 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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