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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <item>
      <title>BUILDING A RESEARCH BASE IN TOURISM: SOME LESSONS AND CHALLENGES IN THE FIELD OF STATED PREFERENCE ANALYSIS OF TRAVEL CHOICES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415370</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper illustrates the depth and breadth of one significant area of research in travel behaviour, stated preference analysis of travel choices, which has obvious transferability to many topics in tourism research.  Stated preference (SP) methods are widely used in travel behaviour research and practice to identify behavioural responses to choice situations which are not revealed in the market, and where the attribute levels offered by existing choices are modified to such an extent that the reliability of revealed preference models as predictors of response is brought into question.  This paper reviews recent developments in the application of SP models in transportation which add to their growing relevance in demand modelling and prediction, and which point to their appeal in other disciplines such as marketing, geography and tourism.  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415370</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE TOURISM BOOM IN AUSTRALIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415371</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the 1980s Australia experienced the impacts of the processes of internationalisation that have changed the nature of capital flows, production processes and the economic structure of the economy. Foreign investment flooded into the country at unprecedented levels. It was directed largely towards the property and services sectors, including tourism, and its source shifted markedly to Asia and in particular Japan.  It was also a decade when international tourism boomed.  A small number of specific locations emerged as the major destinations for international tourists - in particular Sydney, the nation's main international gateway, and the Queensland tourist resorts, Gold Coast and Cairns.  There are, however, significant policy issues that governments need to face in the 1990s to sustain the international tourism boom and to ensure the longer-term viability of tourismas the leading export sector for the nation.  (a)  For the covering entryof this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415371</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE STRATEGIC MARKETING MYTH IN AUSTRALIAN TOURISM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415372</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The emergence and continuation of tourism as a dynamic and viable industry is dependent upon a strategic approach to planning and marketing.  The hallmark of such an approach is the inclusion of a systematic analysis of broader environmental factors affecting tourism demand.  In the Australian context the approach advocated either is not generally applied, or is onlyapplied in a partial sense.  Indeed, no public sector tourism agency in Australia has adopted a truly strategic approach, even though many claim tobe doing so.  In general, there is a focus on advertising and promotion at the expense of the more balanced approach.  These points are elaborated in several stages.  Firstly, clarification is provided on the interpretation of what constitutes a strategic approach.  An overview of theoretical aspects of marketing in general, and tourism marketing in particular, is then provided to put the nature of public sector involvement in this activity into perspective.  This is followed by an exploration of key factors affecting inbound tourism demand, which aims to illustrate the importance of taking broader environmental factors into account. Finally, the status ofpublic sector tourism marketing in Australia is briefly analysed to highlight the lack of a truly strategic orientation in this instance.  (a)  Forthe covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415372</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRICE INDICES FOR INTERNATIONAL TOURISM TO AUSTRALIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415373</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Price is essential to the economic analysis of the demand for any good orservice.  Pricing international tourism is complicated by issues of defining "tourism", the separation of fares and spending at the destination, the importance of substitutes and complements, measurement difficulties and the impact of exchange rate fluctuations. All of these, especially the measurement difficulties, have led to a variety of proxies for prices being used in demand analysis of tourism.  Often retail or consumer price indices are taken as proxies for tourism prices.  In this paper, Tourism Price Indices for international tourism to Australia are constructed.  The indices are derived from Australian CPI components, giving the relevant price changes, re-weighted to reflect the spending patterns of tourists and demandseasonality.  Annual Indices are constructed for the period 1972 - 1991 for the main tourist sources (USA, Japan, Malaysia/Asia, New Zealand, UK, Germany, Canada), for types of tourist (holiday, visiting friends and relatives) and an overall index.  The indices give a more realistic measure of the price paid by tourists than those used previously in tourism demand analysis.  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstractno 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415373</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INTERNATIONAL DEMAND FOR AUSTRALIAN TRAVEL AND TOURISM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415374</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The economic determinants of the international demand for travel to Australia from its major markets (the USA, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Japan) are examined.  A complete system of demand equations which allows the classifications of destinations as substitutes or complements, is used to specify demands for Australian travel as part of a global system.  Contrary to most previous analyses, the demand for Australian travel is found to be price elastic.  The most price elastic responses are Japanese demands, followed by the USA and New Zealand.  The least responsive are the UK demands.  A strong complementarity between Australia and her closest neighbour, New Zealand, is found, while other destinations (the USA and UK) are substitutes.  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415374</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON AUSTRALIAN INBOUND AND OUTBOUND TOURISM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415375</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The level of permanent migration to Australia may be expected to influence numbers of both inbound and outbound tourists.  Previous studies of migration-tourism interactions indicate that the proportion of the Australian population from overseas is a determinant of the aggregate demand for travel to and from Australia and the demand for travel to and from specific countries.  After reviewing these previous studies this paper presents the results of a recent, more detailed study of the impact of migration on Australian inbound and outbound tourism.  The study found a strong relationship between the number of persons born in other countries and 'visiting relatives' tourism to and from Australia.  It also found a strong relationshipbetween the two way flow of visiting relatives tourism and post migrationand some evidence that the direction of the flow depends on relative incomes of Australia and other countries.  Evidence from the Household Expenditure Survey 1988-89 indicates that migrants, particularly English speakers, spend more on overseas travel than do Australian born persons, and that this travel expenditure is partly at the expense of domestic travel.  (a)For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415375</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY IN THE AUSTRALIAN HOTEL INDUSTRY - THE ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415376</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Australian hotel industry is at the crossroads.  It is constrained inits development by market fluctuations, an oversupply of accommodation and outdated human resource management practices. Several recent research studies have underlined the significant costs of labour in overall industrycosts, and the pressing need to reduce these costs, and therefore improveprofitability and competitiveness. Hotels in Australia, as compared to their international counterparts, are less productive, less profitable and less labour-intensive.  The challenge is to develop innovative human resource management (HRM) practices which will enhance productivity and profitability without increasing staff levels.  Significant contributions to industry viability will be achieved through comprehensive and integrated HRM systems which ensure that the right staff are recruited, trained, monitoredand appropriately rewarded.  This paper examines the constraints to development, including a culture of casualisation, negative perceptions of the industry and its occupations, gender imbalances, and fragmented HRM practices.  It proposes an integrated and innovative strategy for the further development of the hotel industry in Australia which will result in improvedproductivity and increasing international competitiveness.  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415376</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SUPPLY-SIDE PSYCHOLOGY IN FARM TOURISM: A STUDY OF PERCEPTIONS AND INTEREST LEVELS IN QUEENSLAND RURAL BODIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415377</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper reports on the findings of a study of farmers' perceptions of costs and benefits and their level of interest in farm tourism developmentwithin the Queensland membership of the Cattlemen's Union of Australia, the United Graziers Association and the Queensland Graingrowers Association.  The central research question was whether perceived economic costs and benefits better predicted interest in farm tourism than perceptions of social, environmental, technological or farm management costs and benefits.  Factor analysis was initially used to identify underlying cost and benefitdimensions and eight factor scores were subsequently used in hierarchicalregressions to test the relative importance of economic costs and benefits over other costs and benefits in predicting farmers' interest in tourismdevelopment.  While perceived 'economic and technological' benefits of tourism emerged as the strongest predictor of this interest, perceived social benefits, social and work costs and environmental and technological benefits were also significant predictors.  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415377</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EDUCATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT PERCEPTIONS AMONG POTENTIAL TOURISM/HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY EMPLOYEES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Five hundred and ninety-four students, enrolled in Years 11 and 12 in five state high schools from the Far North Queensland region, were sampled toexamine management values, work motivation, success perception, job attainment strategies and further education/training preferences in respect of employment in the tourism/hospitality industry.  This paper presents the findings of the survey.  The implications of these findings for students, careers counsellors and the tourism/hospitality industry are examined.  Forthe covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415378</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHANGE AND OPPORTUNITY IN THE JAPANESE OUTBOUND TOURISM INDUSTRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415379</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In contrast to the extensive research carried out on the characteristics of the Japanese traveller in Australia, very little is known of the main generating source of these tourists: the Japanese tour wholesaler industry. This paper attempts to redress this imbalance by providing an understanding of the historical development of Japan's tour wholesalers within the context of the general outbound travel industry.  A brief history, along with the main features of the outbound industry, and the critical marketing issues facing the industry, are provided.  The paper argues that: (1) the orientation of research into the inbound Japanese market, namely the characteristics of the Japanese traveller in Australia, is overly narrow; and (2) the main Japanese "customer" for Australian tourism operators and suppliers is the tour wholesaler - not the tourist - and it is toward these organizations that more intensive marketing and research efforts must now be directed.  Opportunities for Australian operators arising from recent developments in the Japanese outbound market are discussed.  Suggestions for future research are offered  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415379</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN EASTERN EUROPEAN TOURISM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415380</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Until recently, many of the Eastern European governments imposed stringent restrictions on inbound and outbound international tourism. The radicalpolitical changes which have taken place since 1989, resulting in the collapse of the communist system throughout Eastern Europe, have, however, now opened up the area for international tourism.  Data on former East Germany are presented to demonstrate the potential magnitudes of the impacts ofthe imposition/removal of government-imposed restrictions on tourist flows.  The sizes of the inbound tourism markets are shown for the former Soviet bloc countries, and comparisons are made with corresponding Western European destinations in order to provide a yardstick of progress in tourism development.  Finally, recommendations are made as to how to overcome the problems faced by Eastern Europe as a tourist destination area.  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415380</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PARTNERSHIPS IN INTERNATIONAL TOURISM MARKETING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415381</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An exploratory study was conducted into the criteria for the successful cooperative marketing of two countries' tourism industries, and the opportunity for strategic alliances to be formed.  Key variables in the decision making process were identified, including country-pair destination elements such as mutual proximity, the similarity of attractions, the existence of multinational ownership and management links, the standards of infrastructure, the convenience of air links, and the nature of the origin target market.  The relative importance of these attributes was tested in a surveyof knowledgeable people from within the tourism industry, utilizing conjoint analysis and other techniques.  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415381</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE FIJI TOURISM INDUSTRY: A STUDY OF INDUSTRY ATTITUDES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415382</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study investigated the perceptions of the tourism industry to environmental management issues in Fiji.  A survey of key sectors of the tourismindustry revealed that there is a high level of dissatisfaction with current environmental management practices.  The study identified a strong recognition by the tourism industry operators of the links between the natural environment and tourism. Respondents strongly favoured an expansion of current park and reserve provision on a user pays basis.  According to therespondents, the main constraint to investment in nature tourism is the structure of landowning in Fiji.  It is proposed that the impact of landownership patterns on nature tourism in various South Pacific countries be investigated further.  Industry preoccupation with the two issues of generalcleanliness and rubbish on the foreshore suggest a superficial understanding of environmental issues.  The provision of information to industry andto local communities in tourism-receiving areas concerning environmental matters needs to be improved.  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415382</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CHALLENGE TO ORTHODOXY: TOURISM PLANNING IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The current orthodoxy in tourism planning has evolved as a response to the western notions of running an efficient industry.  This orthodoxy has led to the creation of a number of stereotype solutions which have considerable appeal to industry pragmatists, but which may be less successful, eveninappropriate, if the 'typical' circumstances do not prevail; in addition, stereotyping will impede efforts to improve the conceptual and theoretical base of tourism planning.  Some developing countries in the South Pacific region have become committed to adding tourism to the national strategyonly to find that the strategy formulation process has been dogged by inadequacies of data and imperfections and dubious appropriateness of orthodox models and concepts.  This paper considers the challenge to tourism planning orthodoxy of the special circumstances of the South Pacific region. (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415383</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF TOURISM POLICY IN AUSTRALIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/415384</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper illustrates the recent history of tourism policy in Australia as having been shaped by the traditional structures of policy-making.  Early attempts to coordinate tourism activities were and often still are based on shared desires by developers and anti- developers to obtain the recognition and privileges which have been granted to conventional industries.  It is argued that the rhetoric of tourism policy has most often been framed around the economic concept of market failure.  Recent policymaking has moved towards a growing awareness of the potential competitive advantages which can be associated with planned coordination and management of tourism functions.  But early evaluations of tourism planning are demonstrating that centralised planning can lead to rigidity and prevent tourism systemsfrom adapting to volatile circumstances.  This paper claims that the market versus planning approach to tourism is simplistic and overshadows the spatial and informal dimensions of the policy process.  It is suggested that the future of tourism policy lies in the development of networks capableof locally managing tourism conflicts and resource allocation.  (a)  For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract no 861523.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Mar 1995 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/415384</guid>
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