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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Epidemiology and mapping of child road casualties</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1976261</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study mapped child crash injuries and fatalities in Wales from 2017 to 2019.  The authors reviewed police and healthcare databases that included data on road traffic collisions (RTCs) that involved children aged 0 to 16 years.  The authors note that the police database (STATS19) underreports RTCs, recording 1,859 crash injuries for all of Wales, compared to 1,170 crash injuries at only one tertiary hospital in South East Wales.  The study found that boys aged 11-16 years had the highest injury rate; crash injuries peaked at times for usual commuting to school; and the ratio of injury was twofold in lower socioeconomic areas.  The authors conclude by calling for more road safety programs in deprived areas to help address the inequality in child road safety.  One set of three maps illustrates the clusters of RTCs by socioeconomic status.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2022 09:17:43 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Risk factors predisposing to pedestrian road traffic injury in children living in Lima, Peru: A case-control study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1244499</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This case-control study describes the epidemiology of pedestrian road traffic injury in Lima and identifies associated child-level, family-level, and school travel-related variables. Cases were children who presented at The Instituto Nacional de Salud del Nino because of pedestrian road traffic injury. Controls presented with other diagnoses and were matched on age, sex and severity of injury. Results showed that low socioeconomic status, low paternal education, traffic exposure during the trip to school, lack of supervision during outside play, and duration of outside play were all statistically significantly associated with case-control status. In multivariate logistic regression, a model combining the lack of supervision during outside play and the number of the streets crossed walking to school best predicted case-control status. These results emphasise that an assessment of children's play behaviours and school locations should be considered and integrated into any plan for an intervention designed to reduce pedestrian road traffic injury. A child-centered approach will ensure that children derive maximum benefit from sorely needed public health interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 22 Mar 2013 17:11:08 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Spinal Injury in Motor Vehicle Crashes: Elevated Risk Persists Up to 12 Years of Age</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/907758</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a retrospective study undertaken to determine whether age is associated with serious spinal injury in pediatric motor vehicle occupants, after controlling for crash-related factors.  The study included all motor vehicle passengers 0 -16 years treated at two major children's hospitals from 1999 to 2004 with ICD 10 codes for spinal trauma (n = 72 cases). By age group, there were 58 children younger than 12 years and 14 children aged 12 years or older.  The authors used logistic regression to adjust for confounders, including crash severity and crash type, and then determined that age younger than 12 was significantly associated with serious spinal injury.   The authors hypothesis that this age breakpoint may reflect the adequacy of seat belt fit, as use of adult seatbelts alone before age 12 may increase a child's risk of serious spinal injury.  They conclude by recommending that children aged younger than 12 years, those in higher severity crashes, and those in impacts with fixed roadside objects should receive additional scrutiny from emergency personnel for serious spinal injury.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Jan 2010 08:08:02 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Are Restrained Children Under 15 Years of Age in Cars as Effectively Protected As Adults?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/795702</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a population-based study undertaken to compare the injury distribution between children and adults, injured as restrained car passengers.  In data from a French road trauma registry (1996–2002), children under 15 years old were compared with adult casualties according to the distribution of serious injuries in three distinct body regions (head, chest, and abdomen) when they were restrained car passengers.  Analyses were performed to quantify the risk of AIS2+ injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale of 2 or more).   The results showed that, among the 7568 casualties who were injured as restrained car passengers in car accidents, 1033 were less than 15 years old.  Overall, 35.4% of children and 25.2% of adults were unrestrained. For children and adults, the risk of fatality was significantly reduced when they were restrained, but the percentages of children with Injury Severity Score (ISS) 16, were not significantly different between restrained and not restrained casualties.  Children under age 15 were less likely to sustain chest injuries than adults.  The authors conclude that children aged 5–9 years injured in road accidents as restrained car passengers were more likely to sustain an AIS2+ abdominal injury than adults. The most likely explanation is an improper use of the restraint system; e.g., use of lap belt only (children often place the shoulder belt behind them).  This emphasizes the need to reinforce educational campaigns aimed not only at getting children into restraint systems, but also insisting on their correct use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2006 11:06:37 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>DYING YOUNG IN TRAFFIC</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/270342</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There were 469 unnatural deaths among the Sheffield child population between 1947 and 1979, 226 of which were caused by traffic accidents.  The annual incidence of these traffic accidents has risen steadily since the early 1960s with boys being consistently more vulnerable.  Fatal accidents were disproportionately higher among socially deprived families and in poorer areas of the city.  The environment rather than the child may be "accident prone" and there is an urgent need for safer play areas in deprived areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Dec 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/270342</guid>
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      <title>USE OF RESTRAINT SYSTEMS BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN CARS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/210889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Many deaths and injuries would be prevented if children in cars were adequately restrained.  Cars were stopped at random and the use of child car seats by 853 children aged between 6 months and 4 years was ascertained.  One hundred and thirty-three (65%) of the children aged between 6 and 11 months were travelling in seat restraints.  Thirty-five (30%) of the children aged between 3 and 4 years were similarly restrained.  Thus there was a significant decline in the use of child car seats within the age range for which they are suitable.  There are several possible explanations for this finding and it is suggested that not only should efforts be made to encourage parents to provide car restraints for their infants but that attention should be focused on the reasons for this decline in the use of seat restraints.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 28 Feb 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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