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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Challenges for ground operations arising from aircraft concepts using alternative energy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422315</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Current research in the field of future aircraft concepts aims at accommodating ambitious reduction goals set by national and international regulators. These concepts should be investigated not only with regard to aircraft efficiency, but also in terms of their compatibility with airline operations, existing ground handling procedures and airport infrastructure requirements, as these influence the overall performance of a future aircraft concept. This paper addresses this aspect, focusing on case studies concerning hybrid-electric and universally-electric aircraft concepts, analyzing implications for current ground handling operations at the airport. Current bottlenecks, such as capacity shortages, and potential areas of improvement are identified based on a state-of-the-art reference ground handling process. To this end, requirements of different stakeholders, including airports, airlines and ground handling providers, are outlined. In the next step, insights are contrasted with operational requirements of the future aircraft concepts under consideration. The paper stresses the anticipated challenges involved in aligning future aircraft requirements with current procedures, discusses the necessary adaptions to operational processes. The results highlight changes that need to be made to the current system before an aircraft can enter service, and provide an initial basis for the strategic planning of the stakeholders involved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 14:42:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422315</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A study on travelers' transport mode choice behavior using the mixed logit model: A case study of the Seoul-Jeju route</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422318</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study is to analyze passengers' choice of the mode of transportation when air transportation is in competition with high speed rail (HSR). The Seoul-Jeju route analyzed as an empirical case study, in which the construction of an undersea tunnel to connect Seoul and Jeju city by HSR has been considered. The study also included two new variables, ‘safety of transportation’ and ‘availability of duty free shopping’ in addition to traditional transport choice variables such as travel time, travel costs and frequency of service to reflect special characteristics of the market. As data gathering tools, SP techniques and mixed logit model, for analytical methodology, were utilized. The authors found that the goodness of fit of the models was improved with new variables. The models also showed that the characteristics of business passengers and leisure passengers in choosing the mode of transportation were different. Business passengers were apt to choose a safety secured mode of transportation regardless of fare while leisure passengers preferred to use duty free shops more than business passengers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 14:42:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422318</guid>
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      <title>Analysis of Iranian passengers' behavior in choosing type of carrier in international air travel to East Asia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422317</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increased demand for East Asia flights from Tehran has intensified competition between Iranian and foreign carriers. In addition, the entrance of low-cost carriers (LCC) will make this competitive market even more intense. In this condition, carriers are striving to gain more market share by improving services and discounting their fares. Therefore, analyzing air travel demand is valuable for carriers' long term and short term planning. This study empirically investigates passengers' behavior in choosing five types of carriers in many groups of passengers using multinomial logit (MNL) and nested logit (NL) models. The data were collected through the stated preference (SP) questionnaire designed based on orthogonal main-effect. The main survey was conducted in the Imam Khomeini International (IKI) airport in July 2013 where 480 questionnaires were collected through face-to-face interviews. The results show that the ticket fare, the possibility of travel on desired date and time, international air travel experience, Frequent-flyer program (FFP) membership status, marital status, and gender are statistically significant contributors in explaining carrier choice. Interaction effects between trip purpose and ticket fare are statistically significant in choosing carriers. The results further indicate that business travelers are more willing to pay than non-business travelers for flights on desired date and time, although varying by type of carrier.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 14:42:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422317</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Analysis of demand structures on intercontinental routes to and from Europe with a view to identifying potential for new low-cost services</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422312</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In contrast to short- and medium-distance flights, intercontinental flights by legacy carriers need feeder demand from both passengers and freight, in order to be commercially viable. The origin to destination (OD) demand on intercontinental routes is often only a small fraction of the total passenger volume on that route. Low-cost carriers like Norwegian Air (DY) are more and more interested in serving intercontinental routes, although their business model relies primarily on point-to-point traffic. It is the objective of this paper to describe the demand structure on intercontinental routes – that is, the direct OD demand, the OD demand using transfer services, and the feeder demand at both trip origin and destination – by route type, and to draw conclusions regarding the potential for new services (i.e. in the low-cost segment and on hub-bypassing routes, where a lack of OD and/or feeder demand may form obstacles for carriers attempting to enter the market). The analysis concentrates therefore on routes with relatively small passenger volumes and on a demand model which estimates the passenger volumes in relation to the OD demand and supply factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 14:42:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422312</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cargo market competition among Asia Pacific's major airports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Globalization and the ensuing changes in the supply chain network have strengthened competition among airports. For this study, the authors selected 13 primary airports in Asia Pacific, and investigated their competition, airport hierarchy, and competitive potential in cargo markets in terms of demand and supply. Specifically, they examined indicators including flight frequency, route distributions, composition of flag carriers, international trade, and centrality of the selected airports. The results revealed that Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (TPE), Hong Kong International Airport (HKG), Shanghai Pudong International Airport (PVG), and Incheon International Airport (ICN) had the greatest competitive advantage of distinct developmental patterns. Compared with TPE and ICN, which are national-carrier-oriented airports, HKG and PVG have been developed efficiently in the network of both national and foreign carriers. Although TPE and ICN perform well in the networks of conventional carriers, PVG is competitive in the network of all-freight carriers, and HKG performs efficiently in both the networks of the conventional and all-freight carriers. Overall, Hong Kong International Airport has been prominent in the Asia–Pacific air-cargo market. Nevertheless, considering the networks of the integrator carriers, Chinese airports have the most potential in this region.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 14:42:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422313</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>From passenger growth to aircraft movements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airlines are able to deal with passenger growth by either increasing the frequency or the aircraft size, which may entail different numbers of aircraft movements. Forecasting the latter is necessary for evaluating technologies, approaching future emissions or anticipating capacity constraints. Purpose of this paper is to forecast a typical fleet mix and the growth of aircraft movements on flight segments worldwide based on an assumed passenger growth. The methodology is implemented in a model called Forecast of Aircraft Movements. Basic approach is the assignment of each flight segment worldwide to a distance, passenger number and aircraft category. For each combination of distance and passenger numbers a typical fleet mix is defined. The forecasted worldwide growth of passenger demand and the empirically determined fleet mix is applied to all segments in order to derive a future scenario. Assuming a certain seat load factor, the frequency growth can be deduced from the aircraft movements generated for all segments. The paper includes a forecast for aircraft movements in a future scenario based on real schedule and passenger data and gives a detailed overview of the methodology and results considering airlines' behaviour.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 14:42:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422314</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The U.S. Airways Group: A post-merger analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422319</link>
      <description><![CDATA[America West Airlines acquired the bankrupt US Airways on September 27, 2005 to form the US Airways Group, improving its competitive position in the US airline industry. This paper analyzes the post-merger performance of the US Airways Group using airline operating metrics and financial ratios for the period 2005 to 2013. While the airline has still a long way to go to improve its leverage and liquidity ratios, its capital structure and ability to pay its obligations have improved since 2005. Moreover, although the airline is still inefficient in utilizing its assets, the efficiency improvements achieved since the merger have resulted in profits and positive returns to investors. Its share prices have also largely outperformed the S&P 500 and the XAL since the merger, an indication that investors are pleased with how the merger is developing over time. In view of the US Airways Group's improving financial and operating performance, the merger is, essentially, a success.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 14:41:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422319</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factors affecting airport route development activity and performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422311</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airports have become increasingly active in route development as a means of attracting, growing and retaining air services. However, little is known about the different levels of route development activity at airports, or the extent to which route development activity affects performance. Based on the findings of a survey of 124 airports worldwide, this study finds that larger airports are significantly more active than smaller airports. It also finds that private airports are more active than public airports, and that airports in Europe are more active than airports in other world regions, although differences according to ownership and location are not significant. Route development activity has a significant positive effect on performance. Factors associated with the airport business environment (market turbulence, competitive intensity, market growth and airport constraints) were not found to have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between route development activity and performance. However, two factors were found to have a significant direct effect on performance; market growth has a significant positive effect while airport constraints have a significant negative effect.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 14:41:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422311</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Forecasting of taxi times: The case of Barcelona-El Prat airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422316</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the challenges that air transport management is facing is to develop predictive tools for ground operations of aircraft, in particular of estimation of taxi times. The aim of this paper is to define a forecasting model for taxi times for a specific airport: Barcelona-El Prat. This model uses log-linear regression analysis to estimate taxi times with variables that can be computed before operation to account for route- and interaction-specific factors influencing taxi time. The resulting model has a strong predictive validity, but requires a sample size covering an extensive time of airport operations. The model results show that route-specific factors are useful to estimate taxi times, and the combination of stand and rapid exit variables (for landings) and runway (for take offs) accounts for a great part of the variability of taxi times.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Sep 2016 14:41:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1422316</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUTURE AIRPORT CAPACITY UTILISATION IN GERMANY: PEAKED CONGESTION AND/OR IDLE CAPACITY?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/741878</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The air traffic situation at German airports is characterized by intense capacity utilization at the major airports and rather low utilization at many other airports.  More importantly, while the overall traffic decreased, air transport movements at the congested hub airport Frankfurt and at the secondary hub Munchen went up from 2000 to 2002, and went down at all other non-hub airports.  Traffic was thus concentrated and channeled through the hub airports, while most of the other airports do not have severe capacity problems and would welcome more traffic.  This paper describes airport traffic and capacity, compares traffic volumes with capacity, discusses long-term forecasts of air transport demand and describes two scenario-dependent forecasts of flight movements at German airports, and compares future peak hour volumes of air transport movements with the capacity of these airports.  Finally, means of de-peaking the utilization of airports is discussed. It is shown that in less than 10 years time, Germany will need additional runway capacity equivalent to 6 new runways.  This additional runway capacity will most likely not be provided.  Lacking this solution, supply spreading measures and business models are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/741878</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AIR TRANSPORT MARKET DEREGULATION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE SHORT-SEA SHIPPING OF THE GREEK DOMESTIC MARKET</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/741876</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It has almost been a decade since the deregulation of the Greek air transport market.  During these years, a number of new airlines entered the market with various degrees of success, attempting to participate and compete in this growing market. However Greece's geography, which includes many island destinations, creates a competitive environment between air travel and short-sea shipping.  It should also be mentioned that the deregulation of the Greek short-sea shipping market has recently (from November 2002) been implemented, a fact which will increase the competition between the two different means of transport.  This article attempts to discover the results and effects of this deregulation in the Greek transport sector from the scope of both air transport and short-sea shipping.  The conclusions are based on the evaluation of data as they were recorded in the course of the past decade.  Findings show a failure of early attempts at competition in the air transportation market, with the existence of only a few airlines. Deregulation in the short sea shipping market is expected to lead to increased competition and new high-speed vessels.  To meet the increased competition from the short-sea shipping market, airlines must adjust their operational policy in terms of fares, frequencies and destinations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 19 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/741876</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CONCEPT OF A SYSTEM PROVIDING GROUND-BASED MEDICAL SUPPORT FOR IN-FLIGHT EMERGENCIES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/741877</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents the concept of a telematics system that not only opens an audiovisual communication channel to ground-based doctors, but also provides them with medical background information on the patient (e.g., diabetes, hemophilia, contraindication of certain medications, etc.).  This information can be a vital supplement to the diagnostic data relayed to the specialist by the cabin crew, aiding the doctor in deciding on the right therapy, instructing the crew appropriately and monitoring the treatment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 19 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/741877</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASURING AIRLINE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE POST 9-11 OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/741871</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The United States airline industry was changed by the devastation of September 11, 2001.  Consequences were evident in the National Airline Quality Rating (AQR) for the years 2002 and 2003.  In addition to the recent AQR reports, the ten-year performance prior to this catastrophic event and the subsequent two years are analyzed and compared.  The AQR was first announced in early 1991 as an objective method of comparing airline service quality with combined multiple performance criteria.  The AQR report reflects detailed weighted scores for each of the largest U.S. airlines. Using the AQR system of weighted averages and monthly performance data in the areas of on-time arrivals, involuntary denied boardings, mishandled baggage, and a combination of 12 customer complaint categories, comparative major airline performance is reported. This paper contains the description of the research framework, methodology, detailed data and findings, as well as charts that track comparative quality among major U.S. airlines' domestic operations.  Regardless of the substantial reduction of airline enplanement after the September 11, 2001 attacks, the annual AQRs indicate that the overall service quality increased, while the industry is getting more competitive.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 19 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/741871</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRICES, FARES, AND YIELDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/741872</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The most common measure of airline fares is average yield, which is the ratio of revenues to passenger-kilometers.  This paper demonstrates that changes in yield overstate changes in fares. This is done first with a small numerical example, and second by comparisons between U.S. yield and ticket sample data.  Average yield declines in part because long-haul travel in growing faster than short-haul, and leisure travel in growing faster than business.  Both effects depress yields even when prices are not changed.  Data suggests that business fares have been flat, while discount fares have been declining.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 19 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/741872</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MULTICRITERIA APPROACH TO ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY AND SERVICE QUALITY IN THE U.S. AIRLINE INDUSTRY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/741873</link>
      <description><![CDATA[One of the most important concerns of the air transportation deregulation is the gradual deterioration of safety and service quality among airlines.  Consumers suffer important information asymmetries with respect to safety quality, being the case that when a passenger boards a plane, they do not know whether they are choosing a safe or risky airline.  However, service quality is more directly perceived by passengers.  In this paper, we apply data envelopment analysis (DEA) methodology to synthesize some partial indicators of safety and service quality.  We measure these quality variables by using relevant complementary indicators:  three corresponding to the safety dimension and eight to the service dimension.  The relative performance of each airline is discussed according to the results of these partial indictors, and DEA methodology is used to obtain a better understanding of the overall picture of safety and service quality.  As consumers are usually better informed about the service quality of airlines, we study the interrelationship between these two sides of global quality, trying to anticipate if some of the misinformation regarding air transport safety could be reduced.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 19 Sep 2004 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/741873</guid>
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