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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>LNG - A ROAD TO PROGRESS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4810</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Progress is linked to the development and conservation of natural resources.  The history of the evolution of the ships built for the carriage of LNG, from the Methane Pioneer, completed in 1958, to the two put in operation in 1971, is outlined. The American Bureau of Shipping requirements applicable to these vessels are reviewed.  Specific aspects of the rules relative to the design of various containment systems are discussed, including large cylindrical or spherical tanks, where a detailed stress analysis of the type indicated by Section VIII, Division 2, of the ASME Pressure Vessel Code is made.  Analytical methods based on the latest engineering theory and practice are used in conjunction with high-speed electronic computers. Reference is made to the materials used for the ship's hull and the cargo tanks.  The various containment systems are briefly described.  Specific conclusions are not dealt with, as supply and demand, as well as the economic and political factors, are as important as the actual construction of LNG carriers in making the decisions to build or operate such vessels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 27 Oct 1974 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/4810</guid>
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      <title>OIL SPILL CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP CAPABILITY ON THE WEST COAST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5431</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Importation of crude oil to meet soaring energy requirements and massive movement of crude end products into areas of increasing demand are combining to expand tanker traffic along the nation's coasts.  To protect the environment against the hazard of potential oil spills, the oil industry has formed a number of cooperatives and non- profit corporations to provide a prompt and effective oil spill containment and cleanup capability.  Two of these, Clean Seas Incorporated of Santa Barbara and Clean Bay Inc. of San Francisco, have made major advances in planning, techniques and technology.  Existing capability has been evaluated and mobilized for instant response.  New and advanced equipment has been designed, built and tested. Spill prevention procedures are being developed, disseminated and implemented.  The tanker industry and the concerned public can be assured that substantial progress is being made toward reducing the potential hazard to the marine environment from oil spills.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>CRISTAL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5433</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper describes the origin and development of a Plan establishing a voluntary agreement between various Oil Companies and the Oil Companies Institute for Marine Pollution Compensation Limited to provide compensation for pollution damage caused by spillage from tankers of oil owned by the Oil Company Parties.  The Funds provided, together with compensation obtainable under existing legal regimes and TOVALOP, make available up to $30,000,000 per incident to compensate claims for pollution damage. The Funds used by the Institute to provide such compensation are funds contributed by the Oil Company Parties to CRISTAL.  The Plan has been designed as an interim method of providing such compensation until the coming into force of an International Compensation Fund Convention.  CRISTAL came into effect on April 1, 1971 and at the present time oil companies receiving approximately 80% of the world's crude and fuel oil moving by sea are Parties to the Agreement.  The paper analyzes the method by which the Plan operates and looks to the objectives it seeks to accomplish.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5433</guid>
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      <title>TANKER DESIGN AND POLLUTION MITIGATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5434</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper is intended to be a status report on present studies of design and technical approaches to mitigating tanker oil pollution.  Taken alone it will give an incomplete picture of efforts being directed at tanker oil pollution since this is a highly people oriented subject. Nonetheless certain technical or design features have the potential for reducing the burden upon operating people at sea and ashore.  Accordingly it is hoped that this paper will help to describe some of the more promising technical features as well as some not so promising ones.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 27 Oct 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5434</guid>
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      <title>AVIATION/MARINE - A STUDY OF CONTRAST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/4809</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based upon the premise that the marine industry may be able to capitalize on the progress made by the aviation industry in improving its safety performance, the authors initiated a study to (1)  identify what factors seem critical to flight safety, (2)  draw a comparison with marine activities in these areas (3)  identify possible ways in which marine might be able to adapt this experience to reduce collisions, grounding and stranding incidents. The principal areas covered in the paper include licensing, training, procedures and discipline, monitoring and proficiency testing, traffic separation and control, navigational equipment and aids, and human factors.  The authors point out that many of the possibilities suggested by the study are not new or novel and that several areas are already under study by industry and governments.  However, they believe that the study highlights the importance of certain areas and provides a starting point for a concerted attack by industry and governments to improve marine safety and reduce accidents.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Oct 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/4809</guid>
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      <title>THE RIGIDLY CONNECTED TUG BARGE: A REPLACEMENT FOR THE TANKER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5432</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper covers all the stages of development of the first rigidly connected tug and barge employed in the petroleum trade. At the time of preparation of this paper, the first unit has operated for six months under almost all weather conditions. The point to be proven is that a properly designed rigidly connected tug and barge can and does operate competitively with a ship.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Oct 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/5432</guid>
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      <title>THE EMERGING MISSION OF THE U.S. MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/5430</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper traces the development of the mission and the curriculum at the United States Merchant Marine Academy from its inception to the present.  Highlighted throughout the paper is the role of the Academy in instituting specialized training programs for the industry and in pioneering new curricula for the Midshipmen.  The new National Maritime Research Center at Kings Point is described as well as some of its key projects that are of special interest to the maritime community.  The contribution to the petroleum industry by the graduates of Kings Point is detailed along with the Academy's latest plans for enhancing the educational background of these young men so that future graduates will be better prepared for specialized careers in the oil transport industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Oct 1972 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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