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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Police-Reported Impaired Driving After Recreational Cannabis Legalization in Canada</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628437</link>
      <description><![CDATA[When Canada legalized recreational cannabis in 2018, it also enhanced enforcement against impaired driving. This observational study analyzed how police-reported impaired driving rates evolved after those 2 policy changes. The study analyzed province-level annual counts of driving impaired by alcohol, drugs (including but not limited to cannabis), or both during 2009–2023. The data were published in 2024 and analyzed in 2025. Interrupted time-series regressions tested for changes in annual impairment rates per million population aged ≥16 years after 2018. Further regressions tested whether the changes were associated with legal cannabis sales, cannabis use prevalence, police drug recognition expert employment, or COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. During 2009–2018, alcohol-related impaired driving rates were decreasing, whereas those involving drugs were increasing. During 2019–2023, police reported 65 (95% CI=36, 93) extra drug-impaired incidents per million population annually or 42% more than the 2009–2018 trend had projected. Police also reported 280 (95% CI=134, 425) extra alcohol-impaired incidents per million population annually or 17% more than projected. New offenses covering mixed alcohol and drug impairment or unspecified-substance impairment added more incidents. Drug-impaired incidents were positively associated with drug expert employment, pandemic restrictions, and licensed cannabis sales (p<0.05). Alcohol-impaired incidents were positively associated with drug expert employment but negatively with pandemic restrictions (p<0.05). Canada’s police-reported impaired driving rates increased after 2018 for alcohol and more so for drugs. The changes seemed associated more with enhanced enforcement and pandemic disruptions rather than with legal cannabis sales or overall cannabis use.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 05 Dec 2025 14:07:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2628437</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Relationships of Changing State Cannabis Policies With Alcohol Policy Effectiveness and Alcohol or Cannabis Involvement in Motor Vehicle Fatalities</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617247</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Alcohol use is an established and important risk factor for motor vehicle crashes and crash fatalities. The liberalization of cannabis policy across U.S. states could impact motor vehicle crash fatalities involving alcohol or the co-use of alcohol and cannabis. Mortality data were from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System in 50 states and Washington, DC, from 2010 to 2019. State-year alcohol policy scores and cannabis policy scores were used as measures of policy exposure in multivariable mixed logistic regression models to estimate the AOR of 2 blood alcohol concentration thresholds and/or any detectable tetrahydrocannabinol involvement in crash fatalities. In fully adjusted models, a 10-percentage point increase in alcohol policy scores (representing more robust alcohol control policies) was associated with a 6.3% lower risk of a blood alcohol concentration >0.00% (AOR=0.937; 95% CI=0.886, 0.991) or involvement at a blood alcohol concentration ≥0.08% (AOR=0.938; 95% CI=0.888, 0.992) among motor vehicle crash decedents. However, there were no significant independent association between cannabis policy scores and alcohol involvement. A 10-percentage point increase in cannabis policy scores (representing more robust cannabis control policies) was associated with reduced odds of cannabis involvement (AOR=0.956; 95% CI=0.922, 0.991) or alcohol and cannabis coinvolvement (AOR=0.962; 95% CI=0.928, 0.997).More restrictive alcohol policies and cannabis policies were associated with reduced odds of motor vehicle crash fatalities involving alcohol and cannabis, respectively. Cannabis policies did not affect protective associations between alcohol policies and alcohol involvement. However, more restrictive cannabis policies were protective for coinvolvement of alcohol and cannabis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Nov 2025 10:19:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2617247</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Injuries From Electric Bikes and Scooters: Illinois, U.S., 2021–2023</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601777</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Micromobility device injuries and deaths continue to increase in the U.S., requiring public health input. The aim of this study was to describe injuries from micromobility devices in the state of Illinois and to determine whether there are differences in the patterns and severity of injuries from the use of electric devices (scooters/bikes) to inform future public health policy. Outpatient and inpatient acute traumatic injuries related to micromobility device use that passed through the emergency room and were treated in Illinois hospitals from 2021 to 2023 were analyzed in 2024 using newly introduced ICD-10 codes for injuries resulting from electric scooters and other devices. Of 34,073 patients presenting with acute injuries from micromobility devices, the nature, severity, and mechanism of injuries differed for electric devices. Electric scooter injuries primarily occurred owing to falls (78.4%), whereas nearly half (45.4%) of electric bike injuries were caused by motor vehicle crashes (in traffic, nontraffic, or unspecified). Using cycling injuries as a reference group, users of electric devices were significantly more likely to be admitted to hospital (electric bikes AOR=1.62, p<0.05; electric scooters AOR=1.61, p<0.01), to be admitted to the intensive care unit (electric bikes AOR=2.39, p<0.01; electric scooters AOR=2.04, p<0.01), and to present with a traumatic brain injury (electric bikes AOR=1.3, p<0.05; electric scooters AOR=1.23, p<0.01). Statewide hospital data demonstrate an increased likelihood of serious injuries associated with electric micromobility device use, relative to bicycles. These findings have implications for ongoing surveillance and safety promotion and further demonstrate the need for public health input into the use of personal electric micromobility devices in the U.S.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Oct 2025 09:34:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2601777</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Longitudinal Association Between Walkability and Physical Activity in Twins</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573214</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research has focused on the built environment (e.g., neighborhood walkability) that supports or hinders physical activity because it is potentially modifiable. This study investigated the associations between changes in neighborhood walkability and changes in physical activity in an adult twin cohort. Longitudinal data (2009–2020) from 7,439 identical and fraternal twins comprising 2,800 complete pairs from a community-based registry were analyzed. Participants were free of mobility limitations and resided at their current residential location for at least 1 year. A series of phenotypic (nongenetically informed) models were used to test the effect of walkability change on change in physical activity. These were re-estimated in a series of quasi-causal models by leveraging the genetically informed nature of the twin design to test the effect of walkability change on change in physical activity while controlling for genetic and shared environmental confounds. Change in neighborhood walkability was associated with change in neighborhood walking but not in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, which held after controlling for genetic and shared environmental confounding, plus standard demographic covariates, length of follow-up, and moving status. A 1-unit increased change in neighborhood walkability was associated with a 2.7-minute increased change in neighborhood walking per week, independent of familial confounds and covariates. Moving to a neighborhood that is 5.5 units greater in walkability could increase neighborhood walking by about 15 minutes per week. This study supports a quasi-causal relationship between changes in neighborhood walkability and changes in neighborhood walking, extending previous cross-sectional findings in the same twin cohort by establishing temporality.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Aug 2025 16:34:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2573214</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the Deterrent Effects of Ignition Interlock Devices</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440420</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ignition interlock devices installed after conviction for driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) have been shown to reduce subsequent DUI arrests (specific deterrence). However, there is little evidence on how interlock-device penalties might affect general deterrence, that is, deterring people from driving after consuming alcohol prior to a DUI conviction. A discrete choice experiment was conducted and data were analyzed in 2023 with 583 U.S.-based adults who consume alcohol at least once in the past week to assess the deterrent effects of five different penalties (fine, jail time, interlock device, license suspension, alcohol treatment) for alcohol-impaired driving under randomized sequential scenarios of high (20% chance of being caught) and low (1%) police enforcement. Participants resided in 46 states. Deterrent effects of an interlock penalty, operationalized as having to install an interlock device for 1 year, are large and on par with a 20-fold increase in police enforcement activity (from 1% chance of being caught to 20%), or a $2,000 increase in the DUI fine under the status quo enforcement regime. On average, a 1-year interlock penalty had the same deterrent effect as a 10-day increase in jail time. Wider use of interlock devices as a DUI penalty could have large deterrent effects, independent of their ability to physically prevent the motor vehicle of an intoxicated driver from starting. The deterrent effect documented here adds to evidence on interlock devices’ overall effectiveness as well as their potential to shift DUI penalties away from criminalization (jail time) and toward immobilization and rehabilitation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 08 Nov 2024 15:49:58 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2440420</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Congruency of Crash- and Hospital- Reported Injuries Among Child Passengers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2411181</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Prior work has found incongruencies in injury information reported by crash and hospital records. However, no work has focused on child passengers. The objective of this study was to compare crash scene and hospital-reported injury information for crash-involved child passengers. This study also explored injury location and severity by child age and restraint type. Utilizing linked New Jersey data from 2017 through 2019, the authors identified crash-involved child passengers <13 years old and their injuries in crash and hospital reports. Then, they characterized the congruency of injury frequency, severity, and location, as well as the frequency of injuries by child age and restraint type. Analyses were conducted from December 2023 through February 2024. Of 84,060 crash-involved child passengers, crash reports documented 7,858 (9%) children with at least “possible” injuries, while 2,577 (3%) had at least one injury in hospital events. Crash report and hospital data were incongruent for both body region of injury and injury severity. The proportion of children injured increased as children's ages increased and as restraint type progressed. Crash reports overestimated the number of injured child passengers and misrepresented injury severity and locations. Child restraint systems mitigated a child's injury risk. Importantly, injury information documented on crash reports currently informs the allocation of traffic safety resources. These results highlight the importance of improving these reports’ accuracy and underscore calls to link administrative datasets for public health efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Aug 2024 14:44:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2411181</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Children's Independent Mobility, School Travel, and the Surrounding Neighborhood</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2365212</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Children's active travel to and from school (AST) and children's independent mobility (CIM) are consistently positively associated with physical activity (PA); however, few researchers have investigated associations between objective measures of the environment and indicators of AST and CIM in national samples. A national sample of 2,067 Canadian parents of 7- to 12-year-old children was recruited in December 2020. Regression analyses were used in 2023 to assess the association between geographic information system measures of park density, blue space, population density, greenspace, intersection density, and CIM and AST to and from school. Children in areas with high versus low park density (>0.025 vs. ≤0.025) had higher odds of travel to school via active modes (OR: 1.47 [1.14, 1.91], p=0.003). Children in neighborhoods in the highest quartile for neighborhood greenspace (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) were more likely to travel to home actively than those in areas of lower greenspace (OR: 1.70 [1.18, 2.45], p=0.004). On average, children living in areas in the highest versus the lowest quartile for intersection density were more likely to engage in AST to (OR: 2.43 [1.58, 3.75], p<0.001) and from (OR: 2.77 [1.80, 4.29], p<0.001) school. The observed associations underscore a need for city planners and policymakers to ensure sufficient access to parks and neighborhood greenspace, especially if findings are confirmed in longitudinal studies. More research is needed to investigate the role of intersection density in supporting AST and CIM.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 May 2024 09:24:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2365212</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Racial Inequities in Police Transport for Patients to the Emergency Department: A Multicenter Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2326495</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Police involvement in patient transport to emergency medical care has increased over time, yet studies assessing racial inequities in transport are limited. This study evaluated the relationship between race and police transport to the emergency department for adult patients. This cross-sectional study evaluated adult (aged ≥18 years) visits at 13 different emergency departments across two regional hospital systems in the Southeastern and Northeastern U.S. from 2015 to 2022. Data were extracted from electronic health records. This analysis evaluated the association between race and transport by police transport using generalized linear multivariable mixed model with a binary logistic link for presence of police transport. Data were nested by patient and adjusted for site, demographics, and diagnostic visit characteristics. Of 4,291,809 adult emergency department visits, 25,901 (0.6%) involved transport by police. Of the 25,901 visits in police-involved encounters, 10,513 (40.6%) patients were Black, and 9,827 (37.9%) were White. The adjusted model showed that Black patients were at higher odds of transport by police than White patients (AOR=1.64; 95% CI=1.57–1.72). Male sex, younger age (18–35 years), history of behavioral health diagnosis, and emergency department psychiatric or substance use disorders were independently associated with increased odds of police transport. This analysis revealed racial inequities in police-involved transport to emergency medical care, highlighting an urgent need to evaluate drivers of inequities and the ways in which police transport influences clinical outcomes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 14 Feb 2024 14:42:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2326495</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Life Expectancy and Built Environments in the U.S.: A Multilevel Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2188321</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between built environments and life expectancy across a gradient of urbanicity in the U.S. Census tract‒level estimates of life expectancy between 2010 and 2015, except for Maine and Wisconsin, from the U.S. Small-Area Life Expectancy Estimates Project were analyzed in 2022. Tract-level measures of the built environment included: food, alcohol, and tobacco outlets; walkability; park and green space; housing characteristics; and air pollution. Multilevel linear models for each of the 4 urbanicity types were fitted to evaluate the associations, adjusting for population and social characteristics. Old housing (built before 1979) and air pollution were important built environment predictors of life expectancy disparities across all gradients of urbanicity. Convenience stores were negatively associated with life expectancy in all urbanicity types. Healthy food options were a positive predictor of life expectancy only in high-density urban areas. Park accessibility was associated with increased life expectancy in all areas, except rural areas. Green space in neighborhoods was positively associated with life expectancy in urban areas but showed an opposite association in rural areas. After adjusting for key social characteristics, several built environment characteristics were salient risk factors for decreased life expectancy in the U.S., with some measures showing differential effects by urbanicity. Planning and policy efforts should be tailored to local contexts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Jul 2023 09:18:43 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2188321</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Associations Between State and Local Government Spending and Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the U.S.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2176707</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is limited evidence on how government spending is associated with maternal death. This study investigates the associations between state and local government spending on social and healthcare services and pregnancy-related mortality among the total, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White populations. State-specific total population and race/ethnicity-specific 5-year (2015–2019) pregnancy-related mortality ratios were estimated from annual natality and mortality files provided by the National Center for Health Statistics. Data on state and local government spending and population-level characteristics were obtained from U.S. Census Bureau surveys. Generalized linear Poisson regression models with robust SEs were fitted to estimate adjusted rate ratios and 95% CIs associated with proportions of total spending allocated to social services and healthcare domains, adjusting for state-level covariates. All analyses were completed in 2021–2022.State and local government spending on transportation was associated with 11% lower overall pregnancy-related mortality (adjusted rate ratio=0.89, 95% CI=0.83, 0.96) and 9%–12% lower pregnancy-related mortality among the racial/ethnic groups. Among spending subdomains, expenditures on higher education, highways and roads, and parks and recreation were associated with lower pregnancy-related mortality rates in the total population (adjusted rate ratio=0.90, 95% CI=0.86, 0.94; adjusted rate ratio=0.87, 95% CI=0.81, 0.94; and adjusted rate ratio=0.68, 95% CI=0.49, 0.95, respectively). These results were consistent among the racial/ethnic groups, but patterns of associations with pregnancy-related mortality and other spending subdomains differed notably between racial/ethnic groups. Investing more in local- and state-targeted spending in social services may decrease the risk for pregnancy-related mortality, particularly among Black women.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 Jun 2023 13:31:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2176707</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Association Between Vaping and Driving Under the Influence of Cannabis Among U.S. Young Adults</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2157418</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Driving under the influence of cannabis is a significant public health concern that is particularly common in young adults (aged 18–25 years) and has increased in recent years. Vaping has also dramatically increased, particularly among young populations, and is frequently used for cannabis administration among young adults. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the positive association between vaping and cannabis driving under the influence among young adults (aged 18–25 years). This study used the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and included young adults aged 18–25 years. This study examined past-year cannabis driving under the influence prevalence by past-year vaping at the intersection of past-year cannabis use, after adjusting for other associated factors such as race/ethnicity, sex, employment status, past-year other tobacco use, past-year serious psychological distress, and past-year driving under the influence of alcohol. Data were analyzed in 2022.Among a sample of 7,860 U.S. individuals aged 18–25 years, 23.8% vaped in the past year, and 9.7% reported past-year cannabis driving under the influence. Past-year vaping was positively associated with past-year cannabis use (adjusted prevalence ratio=2.12; 95% CI=1.91, 2.35). Among those with cannabis use in the past year, past-year vaping was positively associated with past-year cannabis driving under the influence (adjusted prevalence ratio=1.52; 95% CI=1.25, 1.84). This study found positive associations between past-year vaping, cannabis use, and cannabis driving under the influence among U.S. young adults, indicating that vaping was positively associated with cannabis use. Vaping was also positively associated with cannabis driving under the influence among those who used cannabis. This preliminary evidence could inform prevention/intervention strategies related to vaping and cannabis driving under the influence.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 May 2023 13:28:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2157418</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Contactless App-Based Intervention to Improve Health Behaviors in Airline Pilots: A Randomized Trial</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2097741</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is a need for enhanced preventive health care among airline pilots to mitigate the prevalence of cardiometabolic health risk factors. A randomized, waitlist-controlled trial was utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of a smartphone-based app intervention for improving health behaviors and cardiometabolic health parameters. A total of 186 airline pilots (aged 43.2±9.1 years; male, 64%) were recruited and participated in the trial during 2022. This intervention was a personalized, 16-week smartphone-based app multicomponent physical activity, healthy eating, and sleep hygiene intervention. Outcome measures of objective health (Cooper's 12-minute exercise test, resting heart rate, push-ups, plank isometric hold, body mass), subjective health (self-rated health, perceived psychological stress and fatigue), and health behaviors (weekly physical activity, sleep quality and duration, fruit and vegetable intake) were collected at baseline and after intervention. The waitlist control completed the same measures. Significant interactions for time Χ group from baseline to 16 weeks were found for all outcome measures (p<0.001). Significant between-group differences for positive health changes in favor of the intervention group were found after intervention for all outcome measures (p<0.05, d=0.4–1.0) except for self-rated health, body mass, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score. Study findings show that an app-based health behavior intervention can elicit positive cardiometabolic health changes among airline pilots over 16 weeks, associated with trivial to large effect sizes. The trial protocol was prospectively registered at The Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12622000288729).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Feb 2023 09:32:12 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2097741</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Accessibility of HIV Services in Philadelphia: Location-Allocation Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062914</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the first step in the HIV care continuum, timely diagnosis is central to reducing transmission of the virus and ending the HIV epidemic. Studies have shown that distance from a testing site is essential for ease of access to services and educational material. This study shows how location-allocation analysis can be used to improve allocation of HIV testing services utilizing existing publicly available data from 2015 to 2019 on HIV prevalence, testing site location, and factors related to HIV in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The ArcGIS Location-Allocation analytic tool was used to calculate locations for HIV testing sites using a method that minimizes the distance between demand-point locations and service facilities. ZIP code level demand was initially specified on the basis of the percentage of late HIV diagnoses and in a sensitivity analysis on the basis of a composite of multiple factors. Travel time and distance from demand to facilities determined the facility location allocation. This analysis was conducted from 2021 to 2022. Compared with the 37 facilities located in 20 (43%) Philadelphia ZIP codes, the model proposed reallocating testing facilities to 37 (79%) ZIP codes using percent late diagnoses to define demand. On average, this would reduce distance to the facilities by 65% and travel time to the facilities by 56%. Results using the sensitivity analysis were similar. A wider distribution of HIV testing services across the city of Philadelphia may reduce distance and travel time to facilities, improve accessibility of testing, and in turn increase the percentage of people with knowledge of their status.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Jan 2023 09:28:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2062914</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Impact of Cannabis Decriminalization and Legalization on Road Safety Outcomes: A Systematic Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2031409</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There is substantial debate concerning the impact of cannabis decriminalization and legalization on road safety outcomes. Seven databases were systematically searched: Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO through Ovid as well as Web of Science Core Collection, SafetyLit, Criminal Justice Database (ProQuest), and Transport Research International Documentation (from inception to June 16, 2021). Eligible primary studies examined group-level cannabis decriminalization or legalization and a road safety outcome in any population. A total of 65 reports of 64 observational studies were eligible, including 39 that applied a quasi-experimental design. Studies examined recreational cannabis legalization (n=50), medical cannabis legalization (n=22), and cannabis decriminalization (n=5). All studies except 1 used data from the U.S. or Canada. Studies found mixed impacts of legalization on attitudes, beliefs, and self-reported driving under the influence. Medical legalization, recreational legalization, and decriminalization were associated with increases in positive cannabis tests among drivers. Few studies examined impacts on alcohol or other drug use, although findings suggested a decrease in positive alcohol tests among drivers associated with medical legalization. Medical legalization was associated with reductions in fatal motor-vehicle collisions, whereas recreational legalization was conversely associated with increases in fatal collisions. Increased cannabis positivity may reflect changes in cannabis use; however, it does not in itself indicate increased impaired driving. Subgroups impacted by medical and recreational legalization, respectively, likely explain opposing findings for fatal collisions. More research is needed concerning cannabis decriminalization; the impacts of decriminalization and legalization on nonfatal injuries, alcohol and other drugs; and the mechanisms by which legalization impacts road safety outcomes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 19 Oct 2022 13:31:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2031409</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Redlining and Neighborhood Walking in Older Adults: The 2017 National Household Travel Survey</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2008618</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the 1930s, Black, working-class, and immigrant neighborhoods were color coded on maps (i.e., redlining) indicating investment risk, which negatively impacted mortgage attainment/homeownership for these groups and led to long-standing segregation by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Limited studies have investigated the health impacts of redlining, particularly among older adults who tend to stay closer to their residences. This study examines whether older adults in historically redlined neighborhoods report less neighborhood walking and whether associations vary by race/ethnicity and income. The sample included 4,651 individuals aged ≥65 years from the 2017 U.S. National Household Travel Survey. U.S. Census tract‒based redlining scores were 1=best, 2=still desirable, 3=definitely declining, and 4=hazardous. Multivariable negative binomial regression tested the associations between redlining and neighborhood walking/day in the overall sample and with stratification by poverty status (analyzed in 2022). Participants were on average aged 73 years, and 11% were African/American Black, 75% were White, 8% were Hispanic/Latinx, and 6% were of other race/ethnicity. Participants reported a mean of 7.1 neighborhood walking minutes/day (SD=20.6), and 60% lived in definitely declining or hazardous neighborhoods. Individuals in hazardous neighborhoods (versus those in best neighborhoods) reported less neighborhood walking (prevalence ratio=0.64; 95% CI=0.43, 0.97). Among those living in poverty, living in definitely declining and hazardous neighborhoods was associated with less neighborhood walking (prevalence ratio=0.39 [95% CI=0.20, 0.79] and 0.39 [95% CI=0.18, 0.82], respectively). Less neighborhood walking was reported among individuals living in neighborhoods with a historic redlining score of definitely declining or hazardous. Future studies using larger, more diverse cohorts may elucidate whether associations differ by race/ethnicity and geographic location/city.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:10:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2008618</guid>
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