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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Traffic-Calming Measures and Road Traffic Collisions and Injuries: A Spatiotemporal Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381613</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors of this study assessed the impact of traffic-calming measures (TCMs) by means of a longitudinal design. There have been reports of TCMs, which are physical modifications of roadways intended to improve safety, which showed that TCMs do reduce crashes and injuries. The pre-/post- designs of those studies, however, led to criticisms. The authors evaluated 8 TCMs in Montreal, Canada, that were put in place from 2012 to 2019. Although arterial roads were the scene of most crashes in the study, local roads were where most of the TCMs were implemented. The authors recommend the implementation and identifications of TCMs on arterial roads that are counterparts to those on local roads, in order to enhance traffic safety.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Oct 2025 10:30:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2381613</guid>
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      <title>High traffic roads and adverse birth outcomes: Comparing births upwind and downwind of the same road</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2480328</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic-related air pollution is a major concern for perinatal health. Determining causal associations, however, is difficult because high-traffic areas tend to correspond with lower socioeconomic neighborhoods and other environmental exposures. To overcome confounding, the authors compared pregnant individuals living downwind and upwind of the same high-traffic road. The authors leveraged vital statistics data for Texas from 2007 to 2016 (n = 3 570 272 births) and computed hourly wind estimates for residential addresses within 500 m of high-traffic roads (ie, annual average daily traffic >25 000 vehicles) (10.9% of births). The authors matched pregnant individuals predominantly upwind with pregnant neighbors downwind of the same road segment (n = 37 631 pairs). Living downwind was associated with a decrease of 11.6 g (95% CI, -18.01 to -5.21) in term birth weight. No associations were observed with low term birth weight, preterm birth, or very preterm birth. In distance-stratified models, living downwind within 50 m was associated with a decrease of 36.3 g (95% CI, -67.74 to -4.93) in term birth weight and living 51-100 m downwind was associated with an odds ratio of 3.68 (95% CI, 1.71-7.90) for very preterm birth. These results suggest traffic air pollution is associated with adverse birth outcomes, with steep distance decay gradients around major roads. This article is part of a Special Collection on Environmental Epidemiology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 13 Jan 2025 10:39:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2480328</guid>
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      <title>Metalworking Fluid Exposure and Stroke Mortality Among US Autoworkers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1983688</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study of metalworking fluid (MFW) exposure and stroke mortality among autoworkers (n = 38,553) working at General Motors in the United States.  The authors estimated the association of cumulative straight, soluble, and synthetic MWF exposure with stroke mortality, controlling for sex, race, plant, calendar year, and hire year.  The workers were categorized into groups with different levels of exposure to MWF as well as straight versus synthetic MWF.  The study followed workers in the years 1941-1995, identifying 114 ischemic stroke deaths and 113 hemorrhagic stroke deaths.  The authors found that ischemic stroke mortality risk was increased among workers in the highest exposure categories for both straight MWF and synthetic MWF; there was no clear relationship between MWF exposure and mortality due to hemorrhagic stroke.  The authors include a discussion of the impact of improvements in the workplace starting in the 1970s, which included installation of recirculating general air cleaners, enclosures, and local exhaust ventilation; improved filtration of recirculated air; renovation of old plant buildings; and increased use of synthetic MWFs.  A brief discussion of the possible implications for autoworkers worldwide, who may not be protected by similar regulations as in the U.S., is provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Sep 2022 09:10:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1983688</guid>
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      <title>Minimum Alcohol Pricing and Motor Vehicle Collisions in Scotland</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1956122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to examine whether the 2018 introduction of the minimum alcohol price in Scotland had an impact on motor vehicle collisions (MVCs).  This new pricing policy resulted in a reduction in alcohol consumption.  The authors used England and Wales as a control group because they have not adopted similar policies. The authors used data on the daily number of motor vehicle collisions resulting in death or injury in 2018 and used a differences-in-differences econometric approach, comparing trends before and after the introduction of the minimum price.  Results showed a small relative decrease in MVCs in Scotland, compared with England and Wales.  The authors controlled for seasonality, noting that MVCs increase during the summer months, regardless of alcohol policies.  They found that, on a random day in Scotland, there were, on average, 0.28–0.35 fewer collisions per 1 million people resulting in death or injury, compared with the pretreatment period and the control group, representing 1.52–1.90 fewer daily collisions after the implementation of minimal alcohol pricing. The authors call for additional research to investigate any potential long-term impacts of minimal alcohol pricing.  A final section includes a brief discussion of some socioeconomic factors, including drinking at home versus drinking in restaurants or pubs, and the impact of alcohol policies on low income populations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2022 10:31:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1956122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ride-Hailing and Road Traffic Crashes: A Critical Review</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1956118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article presents a study that reviewed and synthesized available evidence examining the impacts of ride-hailing (using services such as Uber and Lyft) on road traffic crash injuries and fatalities.  The studies included in the authors’ analysis include peer-reviewed as well as non–peer-reviewed studies, such as reports, theses, and working papers.  The authors note that many of the latter, non-peer-reviewed studies are highly cited in this fairly-new area of research. The authors present a theoretical model that describes the many pathways through which the exposure may affect the outcome, focus on the research methodology of the different types of studies, and identify critical gaps to be addressed in future research.  The authors note the seemingly-divergent findings from studies of ride-hailing and traffic safety, hypothesizing that these mixed results may be due to heterogeneous impacts on vehicular traffic flow (e.g., increasing the volume of vehicles); on vehicle-, person-, and event-level characteristics (e.g., reducing alcohol-impaired driver crashes); on road-user types (e.g., increasing pedestrian crashes); and on environmental conditions (e.g., reducing crashes most substantially where public transit access is poorest).  A final section briefly discusses how certain innovations could make ride-hailing have a more positive impact on public health.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2022 10:31:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1956118</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Exposure to Primary Air Pollutants Generated by Highway Traffic and Daily Mortality Risk in Near-Road Communities: A Case-Crossover Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918798</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The impact of spatiotemporal fluctuations in traffic on exposure to traffic-related air pollutants in the near-road population is not captured by most epidemiologic studies. The authors quantified associations between primary pollutants generated by highway traffic -- particulate matter consisting of an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 mum (PM₂.₅), oxides of nitrogen (NOₓ), and black carbon (BC) -- and daily nonaccidental, respiratory, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular mortality among persons who had lived within 1 km (0.6 mile) of major highways in the Puget Sound area of Washington State between 2009 and 2013, using a case-crossover design and the Research LINE source (R-LINE) dispersion model with spatiotemporally resolved highway traffic data. Adjusting for time-varying covariates, the authors used conditional logistic regression to estimate these associations. The authors found no evidence of an association between mortality and the preceding 24-hour average PM₂.₅ exposure (odds ratio = 0.99, 95% confidence interval: 0.96, 1.02) or exposure during shorter averaging periods, even though highly resolved modeled concentrations of PM₂.₅, NOₓ, and BC from highway traffic in the hours before death were used. The hypothesis that the risk of mortality was significantly higher with greater exposures to PM₂.₅, NOₓ, and BC from highways in near-road populations was not supported by this work, even though, based on detailed traffic congestion data, the authors did incorporate a new approach to estimate traffic-generated air pollution.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 May 2022 09:57:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1918798</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Estimating Cannabis Involvement in Fatal Crashes in Washington State Before and After the Legalization of Recreational Cannabis Consumption Using Multiple Imputation of Missing Values</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903743</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to assess the impact of the legalization of recreational cannabis in Washington State (legislation passed 2012) on rates of fatal crashes. The authors used data on all drivers involved in fatal crashes in Washington in the years 2008-2019 (n = 8,282) to estimate prevalence in fatal crashes of drivers with 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; the main psychoactive compound in cannabis) in their blood before and after legalization. They note that nearly half the drivers were not tested for drugs at the time of the crash, so they used multiple imputation techniques to estimate THC presence. Using both actual and imputed data, the proportion of drivers involved in fatal crashes testing positive for THC was 9.3% before and 19.1% after legalization.  In addition, the proportion of drivers with THC concentrations greater than 10 ng/mL increased (from 3% before legalization to 5.5% after legalization).  The authors conclude that, in the 7 years after Washington State’s legalization of recreational cannabis, the proportion of drivers involved in fatal crashes who had detectable THC in their blood was more than double what would have been expected.  A brief discussion of the interplay between cannabis use, detectable THC in blood, and impairment is included.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 11 Feb 2022 17:15:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1903743</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Socioeconomic Disparities in Subway Use and COVID-19 Outcomes in New York City</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867137</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using data from New York City from January 2020 to April 2020, the authors found an estimated 28-day lag between the onset of reduced subway use and the end of the exponential growth period of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 within New York City boroughs. The authors also conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the associations between human mobility (i.e., subway ridership) on the week of April 11, 2020, sociodemographic factors, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence as of April 26, 2020. Areas with lower median income, a greater percentage of individuals who identify as non-White and/or Hispanic/Latino, a greater percentage of essential workers, and a greater percentage of health-care essential workers had more mobility during the pandemic. When adjusted for the percentage of essential workers, these associations did not remain, suggesting essential work drives human movement in these areas. Increased mobility and all sociodemographic variables (except percentage of people older than 75 years old and percentage of health-care essential workers) were associated with a higher rate of COVID-19 cases per 100,000 people, when adjusted for testing effort. The study demonstrates that the most socially disadvantaged not only are at an increased risk for COVID-19 infection, they lack the privilege to fully engage in social distancing interventions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 26 Aug 2021 16:53:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1867137</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Public Transport Strikes and Their Relationships with Air Pollution, Mortality, and Hospital Admissions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1705333</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study that investigated the relationship between public transport strikes and either increased air pollution or worse population health. The authors assessed whether public transport strikes were associated with increases in health events (overall, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, and cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations). The authors also explored whether air pollution mediated those associations. Using data from Barcelona (Spain) between 2005 and 2016, the authors evaluated strikes, health events, and ambient air pollution (nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, particulate matter (PM) and black carbon).  Their analyses adjusted for month, year, day of the week, and a holiday indicator.  The results show an association between public transport strikes and increased overall mortality, respiratory mortality, and respiratory hospitalizations. However, increases in air pollution during strikes did not explain the increases in health events. The article concludes with a discussion of the possible explanations for the findings, including increased stress levels during strikes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2020 10:22:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1705333</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Risk-Exposure Density and Mileage Bias in Crash Risk for Older Drivers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1607492</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Crash rates per mile indicate a high risk of vehicle crash in older drivers. A reliance on mileage alone may underestimate the risk exposure of older drivers because they tend to avoid highways and travel more on nonfreeways (e.g., urban roads), which present greater hazards. The authors introduce risk-exposure density as an index of exposure that incorporates mileage, frequency of travel, and travel duration. Population-wide driver fatalities in the United States during 2002-2012 were assessed according to driver age range (in years: 16-20, 21-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, >=70) and sex. Mileage, frequency, and duration of travel per person were used to assess risk exposure. Mileage-based fatal crash risk increased greatly among male (relative risk (RR) = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.62, 1.83) and female (RR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.97, 2.19) drivers from ages 60-69 years to ages >=70 years. Adjusting for their density of risk exposure, fatal crash risk increased only slightly from ages 60-69 years to ages >=70 years among male (RR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.15) and female (RR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.29) drivers. While ubiquitous in epidemiologic research, mileage-based assessments can produce misleading accounts of driver risk. Risk-exposure density incorporates multiple components of travel and reduces bias caused by any single indicator of risk exposure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2019 16:10:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1607492</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Traffic-Related Pollutants: Exposure and Health Effects Among Hispanic Children</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1607493</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports the results from a study that investigated whether disparities in air pollution exposure by ethnicity (Hispanic white children and non-Hispanic white children) and ancestry (Native American children) exist within 14 communities in Southern California.  The sample included over 5,000 children; data from the Children's Health Study in California, followed during 1993-2014.  The study found that Hispanic white children were 1.47 times more like to live close (less than 500 meters) to a freeway and 1.54 times more likely to live very close (less then 75 meters) to a major non-freeway road, as compared with non-Hispanic white children.  In Hispanic white children, those with more than 50% Native American ancestry were more than 40% more likely to live close to a freeway or a major non-freeway road.  The study also investigated traffic related pollution (TRP) and its association with being diagnosed as having asthma, with similar findings as the physical location.  Asthma was diagnosed at different levels in these groups, with the strongest association between TRP and asthma in the Hispanic white children with greater than 50% Native American ancestry.  The authors conclude with a discussion of strategies to tease out the potential role of these variables, including genetic susceptibility, other environmental exposures, time-activity patterns, and socioeconomic factors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2019 16:10:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1607493</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ridesharing and Motor Vehicle Crashes in 4 US Cities: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1607503</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study that used an interrupted time-series analysis to investigate ridesharing and motor vehicle crashes in four U.S. cities, focusing particularly on alcohol-involved crashes.  The State departments of transportation in Nevada, Oregon, and Texas provided crash-level records for all crashes in which any person was killed or was injured and required medical treatment. Data from Reno (Nevada) were from 2013-2016; data from Portland (Oregon) were from 2013-2015; data San Antonio (Texas) were from 2013-2016.  The authors also included data from Las Vegas (Nevada) from 2013-2016, obtained from an incomplete alcohol-involvement field study.  These cities were selected because the ridesharing company, Uber, had begun, ceased, and then resumed operations during this time; the authors hypothesized that the temporary halt in service may provide a more substantial change in ridership, compared to the original launch, and may result in fewer alcohol-involved crashes.  The authors note that their findings only partially support this hypothesis. For example, in Portland, Uber's resumption was associated with a 61.8% reduction in the alcohol-involved crash rate; however, there was not a similar change in all injury crashes.  The authors conclude with a discussion of the likely different impact of ridesharing in cities and areas with differing characteristics, such as level of tourism and differing police activity.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 17 Oct 2019 16:10:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1607503</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Residential Proximity to Major Roadways, Fine Particulate Matter, and Hepatic Steatosis: The Framingham Heart Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487909</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease refers to the presence of hepatic steatosis among individuals in the absence of excessive alcohol use or other causes of secondary fat accumulation. In this study, the authors explore the relationship between residential ambient air pollution, proximity to major highways, and hepatic steatosis. Using participants from the Framingham Offspring Study and the Framingham Third Generation Cohort, they measure liver attenuation via computed tomography and calculate liver-to-phantom ratio (LPR) to identify levels of liver fat. Differences in continuous LPR are estimated using linear regression models. The results show higher prevalence of hepatic steatosis among participants who live closer to a major roadway; however, the measured concentration of particulate matter is not found to be associated with LPR or hepatic steatosis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:29:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487909</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Residential Proximity to Gasoline Stations and Risk of Childhood Leukemia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487924</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Benzene, a chemical compound present in gasoline, has been found to be associated with adult leukemia and lymphoma. In recent decades, the average benzene content of gasoline has been approximately 1%–3% (and up to 5%) in the United States and 3%–5% in European countries. This research focuses on the association between risk of childhood leukemia (CL) and benzene exposure. In particular, the article examines whether children represent a subpopulation in which a higher risk of leukemia is associated with very low level exposure to environmental benzene and whether residential proximity to gasoline stations increases such exposure. The author discusses findings of a meta-analysis conducted by Carlos-Wallace et al assessing these relationships. Analysis findings suggest a significant association between CL and residential proximity to gasoline stations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Dec 2017 10:29:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1487924</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Uber and metropolitan traffic fatalities in the United States</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1420530</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 22 Aug 2016 10:17:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1420530</guid>
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