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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUG USE IN COMMERCIAL TRANSPORTATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470116</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Quite a bit of progress has been made in the United States in reducing the use of alcohol and drugs by commercial vehicle operators in all modes of transportation over the past few years.  Drug use prevention and testing programs have been required by the Federal Government since the mid to late 1980s.  More than 7,000,000 employees in safety-sensitive jobs are covered by the required programs.  This paper discusses the progress that has been made and reviews current developments in the field and discusses new testing requirements.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470116</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MARIJUANA'S EFFECTS ON ACTUAL DRIVING PERFORMANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470117</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Marijuana's effects on actual driving performance were assessed in a series of three studies wherein dose-effect relationships were measured in actual driving situations that progressively approached reality.  The first was conducted on a highway closed to other traffic.  Subjects were treated on separate occasions with THC 100, 200 and 300 microgram per kilogram, and placebo.  They performed a 22-km road tracking test beginning 30 and 90 minutes after smoking. Their lateral position variability increased significantly after each THC dose relative to placebo in a dose-dependent manner for two hours after smoking.  The second study was conducted on a highway in the presence of other traffic.  Subjects were treated with the same THC doses as before.  They performed a 64-km road tracking test preceded followed by 16-km car following tests.  Results confirmed those of the previous study.  Car following performance was only slightly impaired.  The third study was conducted in high-density urban traffic.  Separate groups of 16 subjects were treated with 100 microgram per kilogram THC and placebo; and, ethanol and placebo. Alcohol impaired performance relative to placebo but subjects did not perceive it.  THC did not impair driving performance yet the subjects thought it had.  These studies show that THC in single inhaled doses up to 300 microgram per kilogram has significant, yet not dramatic, dose-related impairing effects on driving performance.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470117</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>INTEREST OF A BAC SIMULATOR IN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most of the educational programs in the field of alcohol and risk are not based on inter-active but on classical media, like TV spots, posters, slogans, brochures.  It appeared interesting to study the impact of a pedagogic system in evaluation and educational programs in professional and military environments.  The SIMALC, BAC (blood alcohol content) Simulator shows, on a screen, the BAC curves resulting from a fictitious intake of alcohol, chosen by the subject. The simulator integrates different parameters linked: to the subject (sex, age, weight); to the beverage (wine, beer, alcohol); to the meals.  The curves resulting from the BAC simulator are very realistic and authorize an educational use in a personalized and interactive way.  Two studies have been made, one in public transportation companies, and one in the Army. (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470118</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE PROMOTION AND USE OF PUBLIC BREATH TESTING DEVICES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470119</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Research was conducted in New South Wales during 1994 to determine the attitudes, knowledge and experience of licensed premises with regard to public breath testing devices.  A three stage research method was used, involving in-depth discussions with managers/owners, the development of a draft questionnaire which was then piloted, and finally a survey of 144 managers/owners of premises.  The results show that the experience of managers/owners of premises with public breath testing devices is that they are accurate (80 percent), have no negative effect upon alcohol sales (93 percent) and are a service for their patrons (26 percent) which assists them in determining whether to drive (49 percent).  Managers/owners of premises without devices were generally positive toward them (54 percent) and see them as fairly accurate (53 percent).  While there are minor issues which need to be addressed, such as improved servicing and providing information on the accuracy of devices, the results indicate that there is opportunity to broaden the availability of public breath testing devices.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470119</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>METHODS OF SALIVA ANALYSIS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALIVA AND BLOOD CONCENTRATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Immunologic analysis, originally developed for urine, is also effective for saliva.  Using fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), the authors analyzed saliva directly (without former extraction) for barbiturates, opiates, cannabinoides, amphetamines, and cocaine.  By using calibration standards, cut-off limits were established.  The presence of benzodiazopines was tested using radioimmunoassay.  Substance concentration in saliva, given some conditions, is equivalent to the nonprotein-linked serum concentration.  In a series of analyses with codeine and cyclobarbital, the authors showed that an essential prerequisite is a certain ph-value in saliva. Thus,  the following saliva/plasma ratios were determined: amphetamine, 2.4; barbiturates, up to 0.5; cannabinoides, 1 to 2; cocaine, 1 to 2; morphine, 0.2; codeine, 1 to 3; benzodiazepines, 0.03.  In addition, saliva was tested for aliphatic alcohols by head space gas chromatography.  Studies with subjects showed that the dynamics of elimination, and thereby the concentration ratio between saliva and blood, are strongly interdependent. Thus, the saliva method proved to be an efficient tool for epidemiologic studies dealing with psychoactive substances, including alcohol and licit and illicit drugs.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470120</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>DRINK/DRIVING, DAILY SELF-REPORTED DRINKING AND ANALYSIS OF ALCOHOLS IN SALIVA SAMPLED DAILY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470121</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Saliva testing for ethanol and methanol content was included in a larger study designed to assess the validity of daily self-reported alcohol consumption.  A newly developed "interactive voice response" telephone system (IVR) allowed each respondent to report daily, using the touch-tone telephone keypad, to pre-programmed questions concerning: quantity of beer, wine, liquor, and cigarettes consumed; whether respondent drove after drinking and, if so, at what self-rated level of intoxication; plus questions on stress, mood, and general health.  Every night during the 4-week study, breath and saliva samples were collected from the 30 respondents in their homes. Ethanol values from saliva testing were highly correlated with ethanol readings from breath samples and with the IVR relf-reports of drinking.  Methanol values were moderately correlated with breath and saliva ethanol values.  Subjects in the higher ethanol group showed significantly higher self-reported number of drinks consumed, intoxication in general, intoxication while driving, and problem severity than those in the lower ethanol group.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470121</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE GERMAN ROADSIDE SURVEY 1992-1994. SALIVA ANALYSES FROM AN UNSELECTED DRIVER POPULATION: LICIT AND ILLICIT DRUGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470122</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the German Roadside Survey from 1992 to 1994, breath alcohol measurements were collected from more than 21,000 drivers.  In addition, 13,122 drivers were asked for a saliva sample, and 12,213 (93.1 percent) agreed to participate.  In 1992, samples were obtained for analysis, for marihuana, amphetamines, opiates, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates.  Due to insufficient saliva amounts for some of the samples, 2,234 samples were actually analyzed, with a total of 10,696 single analyses performed.  After the results were adjusted to reflect a representative driving population, the following percentages of positives were found: benzodiazepines, 2.7 percent; opiates (including codeine), 0.7 percent; marihuana, 0.6 percent; barbiturates, 0.6 percent; amphetamines, 0.08 percent; cocaine, 0.01 percent.  In addition, the saliva was analyzed for acetone and aliphatic alcohols, which have been discussed as markers for alcoholism.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470122</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>EXPERIENCES WITH VOLATILE ALCOHOLISM INDICATORS (METHANOL, ACETONE, ISOPROPANOL) IN DWI CAR DRIVERS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470123</link>
      <description><![CDATA[State markers of alcoholism can be divided into (1) the indicators connected directly to ethanol metabolism and the substances involved in or by ethanol metabolism, and (2) the indicators that are not associated with actual blood alcohol concentrations, such as GGT, CDT, or MCV.  Methanol, acetone and isopropanol belong to the first group.  These substances were detected and proposed as alcoholism indicators in connection with congener alcohol analyses of blood samples from DWIs.  Methanol, in particular, has been adopted as a powerful indicator of alcohol misuse.  Levels greater than 10.0 mg/kg blood indicate, in most cases, addictive drinking of long duration. Acetone and isopropanol are bound by a redox-reaction.  During the storage of blood samples, acetone can be altered to isopropanol. Therefore, it is reasonable to adopt the combination of acetone plus isopropanol as a new alcoholism indicator, with 9.0 mg/kg as the cut-off.  Experiences with these volatile alcoholism indicators are reported in re-analysis of blood samples obtained from intoxicated drivers.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470123</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FACTORS INFLUENCING AGGREGATE INDICATORS OF DRINKING-DRIVING IN THE UNITED STATES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470124</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This research examined the contributions of several prevention-relevant measures to traffic fatality rates (alcohol-related and total) in US states in 1982 and 1990, as well as to changes between those years.  Using ordinary least squares regression procedures, alcohol-related and total fatality rates were regressed onto per capita consumption of alcohol and rates of drinking driving arrests, alcohol abuse treatment and AA membership for each of the two years.  As well, for each measure, relative change between the two years was calculated and similar regression analysis performed. For each year, alcohol-related and total fatality rates demonstrated significant positive relationships with per capita consumption of alcohol and drinking-driving arrest rates, and significant negative relationships with AA membership rates.  Changes in alcohol-related and total fatality rates were significantly associated with changes in per capita consumption rates.  The importance of these observations for understanding and preventing impaired driving will be discussed. (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470124</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FATAL TRAFFIC ACCIDENT PATTERNS AND DRIVER IMPAIRMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470125</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Blood samples, driver records and accident records of 41 female and 186 male fatally injured drivers were examined.  Toxicologies showed: 37 percent alcohol-only; 11 percent alcohol-and-drugs; and 9 percent drugs-only.  The most frequently found drugs were: 48 percent alcohol; 13 percent tetrahydrocannabinol or its metabolites (THC/THCCOOH); 4 percent cocaine; and 5 percent diazepam.  To investigate the relationship between accident patterns and alcohol and drug use, a factor analysis of accident and driver records produced a 7-factor varimax solution accounting for 63 percent of the matrix variance.  The "Male Single Vehicle" factor related positively to alcohol, the "Young Recidivists" factor related to both alcohol and THC/THCCOOH, and the "Weather" factor related to CNS depressants. Accidents should be examined using multivariate techniques to develop more effective accident classification systems.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470125</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRUG USAGE BY PERSONS SUSPECTED OF DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A DRUG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470126</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Random breath testing in New South Wales has had a successful impact on alcohol-related road trauma.  While the precise extent of drug-impaired driving on traffic safety has not been established there is a perceived problem based on the extent of drug usage in drivers and on the demonstrable impairment of skills performance by drugs with the central nervous system activity.  This perception of drug involvement in traffic safety prompted the New South Wales Government to amend legislation to enable the taking of blood and urine samples from drivers suspected of being drug impaired.  This paper presents the procedures adopted in the taking of blood samples, the incidence of various drugs in apprehended and accident-involved drivers, a description of the population of suspected drug-impaired drivers and the reason for coming to police notice.  Results are presented for the period since the implementation of the legislation in 1987 and up to 1993.  The impact of various procedural changes during that period is discussed.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470126</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DRUNKEN DRIVING: A RISK FACTOR FOR PREMATURE DEATH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470127</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drunken driving is often associated with a variety of problems of the offender, such as alcohol, socioeconomical, medical, criminal, difficulties and the like.  Therefore, it seems probable that drunken drivers are in a greater mortal danger than the average population. This hypothesis was investigated in this study by applying a dual approach.  In the first part mortality of the drivers who had been convicted for drunken driving (1972-1992), and who had died during a certain period after that (1.5-13.5 years) was investigated in five submaterials.  The total of the deceased was 266 males and 7 females. In the second part prevalence of drunken driving and mortality of the 15-74 year-old male population deceased in Finland in December 1992 was investigated.  The total of this material was 1195.  The official national cause-of-death statistics were applied as reference materials.  The results show a significant relationship between excess mortality, premature, nonnatural deaths often associated with alcohol problems and previous conviction for drunken driving.  This suggests that conviction for drunken driving is a significant marker of an adverse prognosis for survival. (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470127</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FATIGUE IN A PROLONGED DRIVING-RELATED TASK</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470128</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A study was conducted to investigate the effects of caffeine (200 mg) on the performance of subjects on a prolonged three-way divided attention task which was designed to induce fatigue.  Progressive development of fatigue occurred with time on-task and caffeine, equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee, alleviated fatigue.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470128</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ANALYTICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY ISSUES IN BREATH ALCOHOL ANALYSIS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470129</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Drink-drivers frequently allege that their breath alcohol reading was so high because some non-ethanolic chemical was in their breath at the time of the test.  This paper reviews the author's experiences and methodology in dealing with such matters.  Conceivable sources of breath contaminants are ingestion (with food, medication or smoking), endogenous production and occupational or environmental exposure. Under British Law the prosecution have only to prove that at the time of the test the subject's breath alcohol level (BrAC) exceeded the per se limit: it is not required to prove the actual concentration which at that time existed.  The forensic scientist should therefore consider the following questions, in this order: (a) is the alleged interfering substance 'X' volatile? (b) does the analyser used measure 'X' at all? (c) what is the analyser's relative response between 'X' and ethanol? (d) what maximum breath level of 'X' could the driver have had? (e) could this have elevated the reading by the difference between the per se level and that recorded by the instrument?  In most instances the case is solved well before question 'e' is asked.  New analytical specificity requirements, such as those of OIML, while physiologically unjustified, should help reduce spurious defence claims at source.  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470129</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECT OF VOLATILE SUBSTANCES ON THE INTOXILYZER 5000C BREATHTESTING INSTRUMENT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/470130</link>
      <description><![CDATA[There are individuals who drink methanol and isopropanal for their intoxicating properties as well as their ease of attainment.  This study looks at the ability of the intoxilyzer 5OOOC to detect non-ethanolic substances in a breath sample.  The intoxilyzer 5000C uses infrared technology to measure the amount of ethanol in a breath sample.  It measures the absorbance of infrared light at three different wavelengths: 3.39, 3.48 and 3.80 microns.  Vapours from simulator solutions containing methanol, isopropanol, ethanol and acetone, alone and in combination, at various concentrations, were tested to check the instrument for specificity.  When vapours from simulators containing high concentrations of methanol or isopropanol were introduced into the instrument, an "interferent" message was produced.  Combinations of isopropanol/ethanol, acetone/ethanol and acetone/isopropanol usually produced an "interferent" message.  The Intoxilyzer 5000C appeared to be less specific for methanol as combinations of methanol and ethanol gave additives results.  The Intoxilyzer 5000C is capable of detecting substances other than ethanol as an "interferent".  (a) For the record of the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no 868581.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Feb 1997 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/470130</guid>
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