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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Young and unaffected by road policing strategies: Using deterrence theory to explain provisional drivers’ (non)compliance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524184</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Newly licenced drivers are disproportionately represented in traffic injuries and crash statistics. Despite the implementation of countermeasures designed to improve safety, such as graduated driver licencing (GDL) schemes, many young drivers do not comply with road rules. This study used a reconceptualised deterrence theory framework to investigate young drivers' perceptions of the enforcement of road rules in general and those more specifically related to GDL. A total of 236 drivers aged 17?24 completed a questionnaire assessing their perceptions of various deterrence mechanisms (personal and vicarious) and their compliance with both GDL-specific and general road rules. Hierarchical multiple regressions conducted to explore noncompliant behaviour revealed that, contrary to theoretical expectations, neither personal nor vicarious punishment experiences affected compliance in the expected direction. Instead, the most influential factors contributing to noncompliance were licence type (P2) and, counterintuitively, having previously been exposed to enforcement. Parental enforcement was also significant in the prediction of transient rule violations, but not fixed rule violations or overall noncompliance. Findings are discussed in light of several possibilities, including an increase in violations due to more time spent on the road, an 'emboldening effect' noted in prior studies and possible conceptual constraints regarding the deterrence variables examined in this study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Jul 2018 13:27:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1524184</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Effect of Rail Transit on Crime: A Study of Los Angeles from 1988 to 2014</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1490102</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Objective:To assess the impact of rail transit on crime in neighborhoods near transit stations.  Methods: The authors use data on the location and date of all rail station openings in Los Angeles between 1990 and 2012 and crimes reported to the Los Angeles Police Department from 1988 to 2014. They estimate the effect of transit on crime using a stepped-wedge design estimated with Poisson regression with permutation tests to assess statistical significance. Two labor strikes during the study period created a natural experiment for which they assessed the short-term effect of transit on crime. Results: The authors find no evidence that transit station openings or disruptions in transit due to strikes result in changes in crime in surrounding neighborhoods. Conclusions: The results suggest that rail transit may produce no major consequence for overall neighborhood crime patterns. Future research should examine other cities and more fine-grained geocoded data on crime at the street segment level and by land-use characteristics that generate foot traffic, as this approach could assess under what conditions transit may generate crime increases or reductions in highly localized areas.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2017 17:27:18 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1490102</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Young and unaffected by road policing strategies: using deterrence theory to explain provisional drivers’ (non)compliance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477331</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 25 Jul 2017 09:42:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1477331</guid>
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      <title>Is Retail Alcohol Deregulation Correlated with More Crime and Traffic Injuries? Evidence from Canadian Provinces</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424917</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study undertaken to evaluate the potential impact of retail alcohol deregulation in Canada on crime and traffic injuries.  The author explored data from six Canadian provinces between 1993 and 2011 to estimate the effects of differences in retail alcohol distribution systems on trends in per capita violent and property crime rates and fatality and injury rates from motor vehicle crashes.  The author compared provinces with different levels of alcohol deregulation (Alberta, British Columbia, and Quebec) to those that employ mostly regulated systems (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario).  By using ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates of dummy variables, the author found that the presence of a more deregulated retail distribution system was either statistically insignificant or significant and negative with respect to different types of crime and traffic-related injuries. The author notes that, in most cases, provinces with some amount of deregulation actually have lower crime and traffic crash rates relative to more regulated provinces. These results are robust to the inclusion of different covariates and province/year fixed effects. Additional data from the Canadian Community Health Surveys do not reveal any consistent differences between regulated and deregulated provinces in binge drinking among teens and young adults. The author concludes that provinces with more deregulated retail access to alcohol do not experience worse outcomes than jurisdictions with more controlled availability.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 21 Dec 2016 11:32:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1424917</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>A Phenomenological Approach to Assessing a DUI/DWI Program</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1259958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an attempt to find a proactive solution to the problem of drunk driving, a midwestern U.S. city has implemented a Driving Under the Influence or Driving While Impaired (DUI/DWI) Court program, a derivative of the popular drug courts. Eligible participants are those with two or more drunk-driving offenses who have not been convicted of a violent offense. Participants volunteer for a 36-week program in exchange for a suspension of their prison sentence. Program elements include drug/alcohol monitoring, support groups, counseling, and extensive supervision. Using a phenomenological approach, this article describes the challenges faced by 20 participants, how they navigated the program requirements, their key realizations about their conditions, and their views on the viability and effectiveness of the program. The article uses qualitative interviews of participants and stakeholders collected for a process evaluation of the DUI program, and official records collected for programming purposes. Findings from this research can be used broadly for programming purposes and can be used by other court jurisdictions that are developing similar programs.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Sep 2013 12:30:42 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1259958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>‘The Best Drivers in the World’: Drink-Driving and Risk Assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117403</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper is an analysis of risk behaviour as described by a group of convicted drink-drivers. Risk assessment is seen as a part of a complicated process reflecting moral values in specific socio-cultural settings and within a specific time framework. The respondents’ retrospective accounts of their drink-driving are interpreted as part of moral identity negotiations, focusing on four dimensions: drink-driving as non-voluntary behaviour, drink-driving as strategic behaviour, drink-driving and control, and drink-driving and ‘normalcy’. Central to these negotiations is the fact that many respondents come from social environments (friend groups or workmate groups) where drink-driving is common and therefore they do not regard—or did not regard—drink-driving as deviant behaviour.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2011 12:25:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117403</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Specific Deterrent Effect of Higher Fines on Drink-Driving Offenders</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117401</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fines are a common sanction in most Western countries and, in some countries, have become an important source of government revenue. However, the deterrent effectiveness of high fines has received little research attention. This article reports the results of a two-stage least-squares analysis of the specific deterrent effect of high fines on drink-driving offenders in NSW, Australia. Judicial severity served as the instrumental variable. Despite substantial variation in the fines imposed by magistrates on drink-drivers, no significant deterrent effect from higher fines was found. Various explanations for the failure to observe a deterrent effect are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2011 12:25:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1117401</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Robbery of Motorcycle Taxi Drivers (Dake Zai) in China. A Lifestyle/Routine Activity Perspective and Beyond</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/926030</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Using official police records, interviews with motorcycle taxi drivers and the participant observation of their working activities in Tianzhi city, China, this paper examines how and why a dimension of social stratification—household registration—is related to the risk of robbery victimization. The paper attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of applying lifestyle/routine activity theory to contemporary urban China. It discloses that migrant motorcycle taxi drivers are highly overrepresented in robbery victimization. Their night-time working practices enhance their chances of being robbed by both increasing exposure to likely offenders and reducing the presence of capable guardians. The study further explores how a structural factor—motorcycle ban policy—shapes different routine activities between migrant and resident motorcycle taxi drivers and, by extension, differential risks of robbery victimization. The paper concludes by pointing out the importance of locating lifestyle/routine activities in a larger Chinese macro-social structural context. The outcome is one of the very first ethnographic analysis of crime conducted in situ in China.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 Aug 2010 11:18:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/926030</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Racism and Police Stops: Adapting U.S. and British Debates to Continental Europe</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/870552</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this research, findings from an international research program on police stops in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Spain are reviewed in the context of British and United States debates on racism in police stops, and in particular, the concepts of ethnic or racial profiling, disproportionality, and institutional racism. The research uses surveys and qualitative interviews to examine the experiences of Roma in all 3 countries and of immigrants in Spain. The article finds evidence of ethnic/racial profiling in police decisions to stop; however, it does not translate into aggregate ethnic disparities in stops (disproportionality) in Bulgaria and Hungary where it can be measured. This is because ethnic disparities are also driven by structural factors that are independent of ethnic profiling. Different kinds of institutional racism are suggested by poorer treatment of ethnic minority populations during stops and by evidence of under-policing of Roma-only communities in Bulgaria.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 24 Sep 2008 10:37:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/870552</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Self-Reports of Police Speeding Stops by Race: Results from the North Carolina Reverse Record Check Survey</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/849801</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study that used a reverse record check survey to examine the issue of racial disparity in police stops.  Most studies have used self-reported survey data to investigate this phenomenon, but the authors content that the data could be compromised if the accuracy of self-reports of police stops and driving behavior differ by race.  The authors directly assess the degree and consequences of differences by race in self-reports of police stops. In the sample of drivers who had been cited for speeding in the preceding year, we found that 77% of the White respondents and 71% of the African American respondents admitted to being stopped. While both groups underreport stops, African Americans do so at a higher rate. The authors note that this finding is consistent with many past studies which report stronger social desirability effects on survey responses among African Americans.  The authors conclude that prior survey data will tend to underestimate the magnitude of the “Driving While Black” phenomena.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Feb 2008 08:58:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/849801</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The Key to Auto Theft: Emerging Methods of Auto Theft from the Offender's Perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/836279</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent improvements in vehicle security have reduced the opportunities for auto theft for many would-be thieves and required key access before an automobile can be started.  Auto thieves have adapted to these changes by illegally obtaining keys to accomplish their misdeeds.  This article reports on a study undertaken to determine commonly preferred methods of key theft, in order to combat this trend.  The authors rely on the accounts of auto thieves who used keys to steal vehicles to shed light on the techniques and strategies that they employed to obtain keys. Offenders' accounts show that while some of them simply found keys left in cars, many took more active steps in locating and stealing keys. They relied on such strategies as burglary, robbery or fraud to acquire keys. The authors conclude that key thieves are not solely opportunistic but instead exhibit some degree of reasoning when planning and executing key, and subsequently automobile, theft.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 28 Sep 2007 08:01:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/836279</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Boys and Road Rage: Driving-Related Violence and Aggression in Western Australia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/836224</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on the results of a population survey of 1,208 drivers in Western Australia.  The study was designed to measure the prevalence of driving-related violence and aggression as well as perceptions of these behaviors.  The authors make a distinction between driving-related violence (restricted to criminal acts of violence, threats of violence, and vehicle damage) and other aggressive driving behaviors.  The results showed that the majority of survey respondents had experienced some form of aggressive driving behavior, however only 13% reported ever being a victim of driving-related violence.  Some of the respondents (17%) believed that they were likely, or very likely, to be a victim of driving-related violence within the coming year.  More than two-thirds of respondents thought that their likelihood of being a victim of driving-related violence had increased over the past 10 years.  Both aggressive driving behaviors and driving-related violence were typically perpetrated by young males against other males.  The authors conclude by discussing the masculine characteristics of road rage and the implications for prevention of this crime.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Sep 2007 07:06:57 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/836224</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Assessing the Effect of Race Bias in Post-traffic Stop Outcomes Using Propensity Scores</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/811390</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent attention to racial profiling has resulted in police departments across the country collecting data on traffic stops.  However, there are few if any agreed upon methods for analyzing and standardizing the data collected.  This article reports on a study that proposes a propensity score technique to determine the extent to which race bias affects citation rates, search rates, and the duration of the stop.  The author maintains that adjusting for confound variables using this propensity score is a better alternative to multivariate regression.  The propensity score is more interpretable, less prone to errors in model assumptions, and easier to present to the stakeholders in policing practices.  The author reports on an analysis of traffic stop data from the City of Oakland, California, demonstrating the process, presentation, and analysis of the results that the propensity score methodology produces.  The author concludes that, ultimately, this technique considers the extent to which race plays a role in the officers' use of discretion.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 29 Jun 2007 07:37:08 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/811390</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Deterrence, Defiance and Deviance: An Investigation into a Group of Recidivist Drink Drivers' Self-Reported Offending Behaviours</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/809408</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study of defiance, deviance and deterrence theories and their use in examining the self-reported offending behaviors and punishment experiences for a group of recidivist drunken drivers (n = 166).  The analysis indicated that the drivers perceived their penalties as severe yet fair, but not entirely certain nor swift.  Participants also reported they were treated fairly in court and received reasonable punishments compared to others, but a considerable proportion reported low levels of respect for the law and questioned the government's legitimacy to control drink driving.  Additional multivariate analyses revealed that factors from all three models were identified as predictors of repeating an offense (e.g., severity, government legitimacy and respect for the law).   The models also could be used to predict the likelihood and frequency of drink driving in the past (e.g., certainty and severity of punishment, personal shame and respect for the law).  The authors conclude that, despite the identification of some factors that are applicable, there is no model that was extremely efficient in identifying individuals most likely to drink and drive again in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 30 May 2007 15:04:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/809408</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gender Differences in Responses to Speed Cameras: Typology Findings and Implications for Road Safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/806812</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article reports on a study of gender differences in automobile drivers' responses (n = 1,133) to speed cameras.  The authors note that automated speed cameras in England and Wales have become a very common means of enforcement of speed limit breaches in most police force areas, but they are not without controversy despite the majority of public opinion behind them.  The results showed that women's attitudes to and views on safety cameras were significantly more positive and more 'road safety aware' than men's, and most of these differences within gender remained significant regardless of age group.  This is compared with results from the mid-1990s, when men and women responded to speed cameras in a similar way, perhaps because of the newness of the monitoring technique.  The authors conclude with a discussion of the term, "drivers," particularly in the popular press and note that inaccuracies may result by lumping men and women together in one category when their driving behaviors, at least, are quite different.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Apr 2007 08:07:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/806812</guid>
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