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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Customer-driven Rail Intermodal Logistics: Unlocking a New Source of Value for China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350642</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rail intermodal logistics—the movement of containerized cargo from origin to destination where a portion of the journey takes place on rail—have gained significance in North America over the past 10 to 15 years based on cost and operational efficiency. In China, however, the story has thus far been different. Considering the length-of-haul and commodity characteristics of China’s manufacturing sector, the country has a persistently low incidence of rail intermodal participation in domestic and international supply chains. The authors find that the binding constraints behind the low incidence of rail intermodal services in China are most likely to be found on the supply side, not the demand side of the equation. Specifically, the regulatory and institutional environment, which regulates freight tariffs and provides little or no flexibility for China Railway Corporation (CRC) to tailor services to customer needs, is at the root of this challenge. This note outlines the success of railways in North America in (a) tailoring rail intermodal service offerings based on customer needs and willingness to pay; and (b) collaborating with other logistics service providers so as to concentrate on their core (rail transportation) competency, while leaving other segments of the end-to-end intermodal supply chain to those most efficient in those segments. The current policy and economic environment facing CRC seems favorable to pursuing reforms towards adopting similar practices.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Apr 2015 10:24:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1350642</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>High-Speed Railways in China: A Look at Construction Costs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1317295</link>
      <description><![CDATA[By the end of 2013, China Railway had built a network of about 10,000 route-km of high-speed railways (HSR). The network has been built rapidly and at a relatively low unit cost compared with similar projects  in other countries. This note takes a look at this expansion, its construction unit costs and some of its key  cost components. It also outlines reasons that may explain the comparatively low cost of HSR  construction in China.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 27 Aug 2014 10:50:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1317295</guid>
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      <title>UNDERSTANDING THE MODERN PORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269630</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Specifying correctly the parameters of cargo handling facilities can have a significant impact on cost effectiveness of liner shipping operations.  Whilst these factors may not be wholly concerned with the ship's cargo, a port is the singular means by which a maritime function is converted into revenue.  In turn, this link must understand its relationship to the market place and react accordingly. Without taking care to integrate several key aspects of this function into an overall strategy, a ship owner will be over charged and under serviced.  Such is the speed and complexity of cargo flow and the ease of communication, it is no longer practicable to operate a ship independently of its integration within a service.  This interdependence is a development that has happened within a short space of time and within recent memory.  There is still a strong and understandable tendency for maritime custom to prevail with insular habits at odds with the real intent.  The port, therefore, has to recognise and support both the commercial and marine needs of the ship and the logistical demands of cargo movement from the landside.  The commercial criteria are position, port and cargo unit costs, stability and cargo liftings.  Marine criteria are access, maintenance and repair facilities, operational support and personnel needs whilst cargo criteria are again access, capacity, resources and performance.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 21:56:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269630</guid>
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      <title>TRANSPORT AID-THE GOVERNMENT ROLE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269629</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is argued in this article that there are three major aid priorities for transport in the Third World, namely spare parts supply, skills training and reform of regulation and control measures.  Although the case for establishing these priorities is mainly built around road freight examples, there is no doubt that examples from other modes can serve equally well.  The bus industry shares many of the characteristics displayed by haulage, as does rail to a certain extent.  Clearly, all modes of transport often combine to present a difficult problem area in management of Third World economics.  It finally remains to reiterate that effective action can only be taken to remedy the problems of all transport modes when the importance of transport in the developing economies of the Third World is fully recognised. Only then will transport be given the aid resources needed for it to become a help rather than a hindrance to economic development.  (Author)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 21:56:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269629</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>MANAGING CHINA'S TRANSPORT SYSTEMS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/269628</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article, Part 2 of a review of China's Transport management structure, looks at the role of local authorities in roads, railroads, and waterways.  Previously, these local authorities had direct control of such enterprises as road and water transports companies, railroads, motor vehicles assembly plants and shipyards.  In recent years, however, in accordance with the central government's current policy of separating government administrative functions from enterprise management and decentralizing and simplifying administration, control of transport oriented enterprises has been transferred to the municipalities where those enterprises are located.  These enterprises have then usually become independent, self-accounting economic units. self-accounting economic units.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 Aug 2004 21:56:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/269628</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD TRANSPORT IN CHINA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/271008</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article examines the role of road transport and the measures being taken to enhance it.  China's road network has been expanded from 75,000 km to 927,000 km during the last 35 years and is currently handling 73% of total domestic passenger and freight traffic.  This percentage represents 133.7 bn passenger-kilometers and 153.7 bn tonnes-kilometers.  Excluding Motus county in Xiang Autonomous region, move then 2,000 counties covering 93% of the country have motorable access to a national network. This has been achieved by not only the allocation of State funds for the construction of major highways, but also by the fact that roads were funded, built and managed under policies which combined state local investment, state investment in and subsidy for locally managed roadways, and the provision of professionally qualified construction expertise for locally raised teams of peasant labor employed on the building of local roads and the maintenance of others.  Currently there are 1,847 locally administered state interprises in the motor transport business.  There are county level motor transport enterprises covering 90% of the countryside with basic stations and yards.  The productivity per vehicle in 1984 was 39,000 tonnes/kilometer.  Recently there was also been great improvement in the quality of vehicles produced in China's factories.  The improvement in total capacity, vehicle productivity, and the general improvement in roads has resulted in a 53% reduction in road transport costs. Vocational schools at provincial, municipal and autonomous region level provide technical expertise for this fast growing sector.  Despite this recent progress, the transport sector is unable to meet-the current and future demands of China's rapidly expanding economy.  New policies to increase transport funds, 5-year plans that promote integrated development of highways, international technology exchanges, and the training of technical personnel are high priorities in the task ahead.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Jul 2000 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/271008</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MODEL SM-1 BALLAST DENSITY GAUGE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/378500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ballast density is one of the principal parameters for roadbed operating state.  It greatly affects the railroad stability, the accumulation of railroad residual deformation and the amount of work for railroad maintenance.  SM-1 ballast density gauge is designed to determine the density of ballast by using the effect of gamma-ray passed through the ballast.  Its fundamentals, construction, specifications, application and economic profit are described.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 02 Aug 1993 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/378500</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HIGHWAYS &amp; WATER TRANSPORT'S REFORMATION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/335867</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/335867</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BOOSTING DALIAN'S ROLE IN THE STATE ECONOMY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/335868</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/335868</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>STREAMLINING CHINA'S NATIONAL RAIL SYSTEM</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/321383</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/321383</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>QINGDAO GEARS UP FOR EXPORT TRADING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/321384</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/321384</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRANSPORT TARGETS SUCCESSFULLY ACHIEVED</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/321385</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/321385</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>VITAL RENOVATION FOR TIANJIN RAIL-PORT</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/321386</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/321386</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>LIAONING : WINDOW TO NORTHEASTERN REGION</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/322244</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/322244</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENTS IN TIANJIN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/322245</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/322245</guid>
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