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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>CRUSHING STRENGTH OF ARCTIC ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/51806</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The maximum force generated by ice sheets moving against stationary structures is a function of the strength of the ice in the relevant mode of failure.  For cylindrical structures, as might be used for offshore drilling in the Arctic, the ice fails in crushing.  Knowledge of the ice crushing strength is therefore a prerequisite for safe and economical exploitation of arctic offshore resources.  In 1969, Imperial Oil Ltd, on behalf of several oil companies, conducted a series of in situ ice crushing tests in the Mackenzie delta area of the Beaufort Sea.  By means of a novel technique, cylinders up to 150 cm in diameter were pushed through the ice to measure the ultimate pressure that arctic ice can exert on cylindrical structures.  Ice crushing strengths from 4 x 10 to the 6th power to 6 x 10 to the 6th power newtons/meter were measured.  Tests conducted with the larger diameter cylinders yielded the lowest ice crushing strengths.  The measured ice crushing strengths were higher than anticipated, but it is believed that they represent maximum values for the particular conditions of the tests.  One condition was that the ice was frozen to the test cylinders prior to each test.  The significance of the results are discussed in relation to the design of offshore structures for the Beaufort Sea.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>DYNAMICS OF BREAKUP IN SHOREFAST ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/51807</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In March 1973, a 3-cm wavelength radar was installed on the shore near Barrow, Alaska.  The radar was used to monitor sea ice conditions up to 16 km offshore.  This paper presents the results of ice observations with the radar from the time of its installation until ice break-up and disappearance in early August.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>POTENTIAL USE OF SATELLITE INFRARED DATA FOR ICE THICKNESS MAPPING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/51808</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An approach to automated mapping of the movement of arctic sea ice by statistical examination of NOAA-1 satellite infrared data is discussed.  The approach is based on the empirically observed relationship that airborne or satellite radiant temperature measurements of sea ice are proportional to the thickness of the ice and have normal distributions, and that the areas beneath the distribution curves are proportional to the surficial area of the pack ice types from which they were derived.  Data which show the variations of radiant temperature distributions with time of year and with cloud cover are examined.  The means of radiant temperature distribution curves that correspond to multi-year ice for several different dates appear to correlate with the temperatures for equilibrium ice calculated by the Maykut-Untersteiner Thermodynamic Ice Model for these same dates.  Data are also presented to show the effects of large areas of open water on the radiant temperature distributions of pack ice.  The relationships, if proved empirically with more data and by further model analysis, can provide the basis for a relatively simple algorithm for sea ice mapping using satellite infrared data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>IMPINGEMENT OF SEA ICE ON THE NORTH COAST OF ALASKA</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/51812</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Observations and predictions of the movement of sea ice in polar oceans have been and still are severely limited because of the size of the areas involved and the obscuration of the ice by clouds and/or darkness during much of the year.  Lack of knowledge of the mechanics of the ice and its coupling at the air and water interfaces has been a further impediment.  An attempt was made to develop a technique which would overcome some of these problems and facilitate the prediction of ice movement without direct observation.  By mathematical conversion, daily atmospheric surface pressures for the period 1948 to 1967 were translated to hypothetical ice drift vectors at 10 points in the Beaufort and Chuckchi seas. Comparisons were made with wind observations on, and drift tracks of, several drifting stations which moved within the study area. Although complete correlation between the hypothetical ice drift and the observed movement of the pack ice boundary was not obtained, this may reflect the quality of the visual observations available for the period rather than weakness of a statistical study.  The authors conclude that the technique can improve the understanding of the relationship between wind and ice drift.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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