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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>SOIL SAMPLING AND DRILLING NEAR FAIRBANKS, ALASKA. EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/118156</link>
      <description><![CDATA[SEVERAL TYPES OF ROTARY DRILLING MACHINES AND PERCUSSION TYPE DRILLING MACHINES WERE USED FOR SOILS EXPLORATIONS AT FAIRBANKS, ALASKA. VARIOUS TYPES OF CORING BARRELS IN SOIL SAMPLING TUBES WERE USED WITH THE MACHINES. SOILS EXPLORATIONS WERE CONDUCTED BY CORE DRILLING METHODS AND BY DRIVE SAMPLING METHODS IN THAWED AND FROZEN SILTY SOILS. TEMPERATURES OF THE FROZEN SOILS SAMPLED RANGED FROM 28F TO 31.5F IN THE PERMAFROST AND FROM 20F TO 27F IN THE ACTIVE LAYER. PENETRATION OF DRIVE SAMPLING DEVICES THROUGH THE FROZEN ACTIVE LAYER DURING WINTER OR EARLY SPRING IS MORE DIFFICULT THAN INTO THE UNDERLYING PERMAFROST DUE TO THE COLDER SOIL TEMPERATURES. RELATIVE MERITS OF THE VARIOUS DRILLS AND SAMPLERS ARE DISCUSSED. MANUAL DRIVING OF A SAMPLER FABRICATED FROM THIN WALL ELECTRICAL CONDUIT PROVED TO BE EFFECTIVE FOR SAMPLING FROZEN SOILS TO DEPTHS TO ABOUT TEN FEET. DRIVING OF SMALL DIAMETER SAMPLERS INTO FROZEN SOILS BY MEANS OF PNEUMATIC HAMMER AND RECOVERY BY TRUCK MOUNTED WINCHLINE WAS ALSO EFFECTIVE FOR SHALLOW EXPLORATIONS UP TO 10-15 FT DEPTH.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2004 01:48:31 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/118156</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENT OF FROST HEAVING FORCES ON PILES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/128118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED AT FAIRBANKS, ALASKA, TO MEASURE THE MAGNITUDE OF HEAVE FORCE ON PILES AND DISTRIBUTION OF STRESSES IN PILES DURING FROST PENETRATION. THIS REPORT SUMMARIZES THE RESULTS OF FROST HEAVE FORCE MEASUREMENTS ON CREOSOTED TIMBER AND STEEL PIPE PILES DURING THE PERIOD 1956-59 AND DURING THE 1962-1963 FREEZING SEASON. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT, FOR THE TYPES AND SIZES OF PILES USED, THE HEAVING FORCES GENERATED ON PILING DURING THE FREEZING OF FROST SUSCEPTIBLE SOILS MAY ATTAIN, OR EVEN SURPASS, 50,000 LB. IT IS ALSO CONCLUDED THAT FOR CONDITIONS REPRESENTED BY THESE TESTS THE MAXIMUM RATE OF HEAVE OCCURS EARLY IN THE WINTER MONTHS AT RELATIVELY SHALLOW DEPTHS (2-3 FT), AND THAT THE MAXIMUM PILE HEAVE FORCE OCCURS DURING PERIODS OF ACTIVE FROST PENETRATION WITH VERY COLD NEAR-SURFACE GROUND TEMPERATURES. NEAR MAXIMUM HEAVE FORCES WERE ALSO PRODUCED AFTER COMPLETE FREEZEBACK OF THE SEASONAL THAW ZONE DURING PERIODS OF EXTREME COLD. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/128118</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>OBSERVATIONS ON TAXIWAY ELMENDORF AFB, ALASKA. 1962-1964.</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/127937</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE RESULTS ARE PRESENTED OF OBSERVATIONS MADE DURING 1962-64 ON A TAXIWAY EXTENSION CONSTRUCTED IN 1956 AT ELMENDORF AFB, ALASKA, OVER A SUBGRADE WITH VERTICALLY ORIENTED, ALTERNATING SILTY CLAY AND SAND STRATA. FAILURE OF THE PAVEMENT OCCURRED IN THE WINTER OF 1956-57 DUE TO EXTENSIVE CRACKING CAUSED BY FROST HEAVE. THE PROBABLE CAUSES OF THE FROST HEAVE ARE STATED AND COMMENTS ON THE PAVEMENT FAILURE ARE PRESENTED. OBSERVATIONS ON A GROUND TEMPERATURE ASSEMBLY INSTALLED UNDER THE PAVEMENT AND VERTICAL MOVEMENT POINTS ESTABLISHED ON THE SURFACE ARE ANALYZED. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE USE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE LINES HAD ONLY A LIMITED EFFECT ON FROST HEAVE AND THAT DESIGN FOR SIMILAR UNUSUAL SOIL CONDITIONS SHOULD PROVIDE FOR FULL FROST PROTECTION OR EMPLOY OTHER EXPEDIENTS SUCH AS INSULATION. /RRL/A/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 22 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/127937</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPLEX MODULI AND DAMPING OF SOILS UNDER DYNAMIC LOADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/123640</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A LABORATORY METHOD WAS DESCRIBED WHICH IS CURRENTLY BEING USED TO INVESTIGATE THE REQUIRED SOIL PROPERTIES NECESSARY IN SOLVING FOUNDATION DESIGN PROBLEMS FOR FACILITIES THAT INCORPORATE DYNAMIC OR VIBRATION LOADING WITHIN THE STRUCTURE AND HAVE EXTREMELY HIGH STABILITY REQUIREMENTS. EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON THE TEST APPARATUS, NOMENCLATURE, AND THE ANALYSIS AND COMPUTATION OF THE TEST RESULTS. IT HAS BEEN DETERMINED THAT THE MODULI AND DAMPING VARY WITH SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS /DENSITY, WATER CONTENT, DEGREE OF SATURATION, ETC./, STATIC LOAD CONDITIONS /VERTICAL AND LATERAL PRESSURES/, AND DYNAMIC LOADING CONDITIONS /FREQUENCY, DRIVE FORCE, AND DRIVE AMPLITUDE/. THE TEST PROVIDED A MEASURE OF THESE RELATIONSHIPS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Dec 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/123640</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS OF PERMACRETE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[ULTIMATE FLEXURAL STRENGTH AND CERTAIN CREEP PROPERTIES OF SINGLE-SIZE SOIL-MATERIAL AGGREGATES CEMENTED BY ICE ARE INVESTIGATED. THE RELATION OF ULTIMATE STRENGTH TO PARTICLE SIZE AND TEMPERATURE IS GIVEN IN THE FORM OF GRAPHS. RULES FOR MIXING VARIOUS SIZES ARE ESTABLISHED, AND THEIR VALIDITY TESTED UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. EXPERIMENTAL CONSTRUCTION IN PERMACRETE (ARTIFICIAL CONCRETE-AGGREGATE MIXTURES CEMENTED BY ICE) DISCLOSED THAT IT SHOULD BE APPLIED AND HANDLED LIKE CONCRETE, PROVIDING THE TEMPERATURE IS BELOW THE FREEZING POINT. PERMACRETE, ALTHOUGH DISSIMILAR TO CONCRETE IN MANY IMPORTANT PROPERTIES, MAY BE USED SUCCESSFULLY AS A BUILDING MATERIAL IN PLACE OF CONCRETE. ITS LOW COST AND THE AVAILABILITY OF INGREDIENTS CAN MAKE PERMACRETE AN IMPORTANT BUILDING MATERIAL IN PERMAFROST REGIONS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 14 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107120</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PROPERTIES OF THERMISTORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/106587</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMISTORS, SEMI-CONDUCTORS WITH LARGE NEGATIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE, ARE REVIEWED AND COMPARED WITH STANDARD RESISTANCE THERMOMETERS. DESCRIPTIONS ARE GIVEN OF THE VARIOUS SIZES AND SHAPES COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE, THERMAL LIMITATIONS IN THEIR USE, AND THE VARIOUS MATERIALS USED IN MANUFACTURE. OTHER USES FOR THERMISTORS, SUCH AS TEMPERATURE CONTROL, ELECTRICAL REGULATION, AND MEASUREMENT OF OTHER VARIABLES ARE CONSIDERED. CLASSIFICATION OF SEMI-CONDUCTORS AND THE THEORY OF OPERATION IS DISCUSSED AND AN EXPRESSION FOR ELECTRONIC CONDUCTIVITY IS DEVELOPED FROM WHICH A METHOD IS PROPOSED FOR THE COMPARISON OF VARIOUS THERMISTORS. STEADY STATE AND TRANSIENT THERMAL ERRORS ARE EVALUATED, AND FACTORS AFFECTING CALIBRATION STABILITY ARE DESCRIBED. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SELECTION OF THERMISTORS AND PROPER CIRCUITRY ARE GIVEN. A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THERMISTORS IS GIVEN. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Oct 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/106587</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CREEP OF FROZEN SANDS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/124282</link>
      <description><![CDATA[UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE CREEP STRENGTHS AND STRAINS WERE MEASURED FOR FROZEN SATURATED OTTAWA SAND (20-30) AND MANCHESTER FINE SAND. THE CREEP TESTS WERE CONDUCTED AT APPROXIMATE STRESS LEVELS OF 60, 35, 20 AND 5 PERCENT OF THE CONVENTIONAL UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH. TESTING TEMPERATURES WERE 15, 25, 29 AND 31 F. IT WAS FOUND THAT THE UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE CREEP STRENGTH OF THE FROZEN SAND CAN BE PREDICTED USING VIALOV'S STRENGTH FORMULA AND THAT CREEP STRAIN CAN BE PREDICTED USING TWO SHORT-TERM, HIGH-STRESS- LEVEL CREEP TESTS. EQUATIONS ARE GIVEN TO PREDICT TOTAL STRAIN. FOR STRESSES BELOW THE LONG-TERM STRENGTH, THE STRAIN RATE IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE RECIPROCAL OF TIME DURING STRESS ACTION UNTIL COMPLETE STABILIZATION OCCURS. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 02 Sep 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/124282</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEVELOPMENT OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY PROBES FOR SOILS AND INSULATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/124178</link>
      <description><![CDATA[A REVIEW OF THE THEORY OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY PROBE METHOD INDICATED THAT MEASUREMENT OF THE RATE OF RISE OF TEMPERATURE OF A PROPERLY DESIGNATED PROBE, IMMERSED IN A SOIL OR INSULATION AND HEATED AT A KNOWN CONSTANT POWER INPUT, IS SUFFICIENT TO DETERMINE THE CONDUCTIVITY OF A SAMPLE. THE PROBE DIAMETER, LENGTH, AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS MUST BE CHOSEN TO MINIMIZE TWO COMMON DEVIATIONS FROM THE IDEAL PROBE BEHAVIOR - NAMELY, AN INITIAL LAG ERROR AT SHORT EXPERIMENTAL TIMES WHICH IS CAUSED BY THE THERMAL MASS OF THE PROBE AND THE CONTACT RESISTANCE BETWEEN THE PROBE AND THE SAMPLE, AND AN AXIAL HEAT FLOW ERROR OCCURRING AT LONG EXPERIMENTAL TIMES CAUSED BY NON-RADIAL HEAT FLOW IN THE PROBE AND SAMPLE. BASED UPON THESE CONSID- ERATIONS, 18 LABORATORY-TYPE AND 3 FIELD-TYPE PROBES WERE DESIGNED, CONSTRUCTED AND TESTED. STAINLESS STEEL, COPPER AND PLASTIC PROBE SHEATHS WITH EPOXY RESIN, CERAMIC, OR WOODS METAL FILLINGS WERE USED WITH BIFILAR AND SINGLE OR MULTIPLE WIRE CONSTANTAN HEATERS. COPPER-CONSTANTAN THERMOCOUPLS AND THERMISTORS LOCATED BOTH WITHIN THE PROBE AND ON THE PROBE SHEATH WERE USED AS TEMPERATURE SENSORS. RESULTS OF THE TESTS INDICATED THAT THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PROBES FOR MEASUREMENTS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOILS AND INSULATING MATERIALS CAN BE BASED UPON THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH REASONABLE ASSURANCE OF GOOD PROBE PERFORMANCE.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Aug 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/124178</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SNOW REMOVAL AND ICE CONTROL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107186</link>
      <description><![CDATA[CURRENT IDEAS AND PRACTICE IN SNOW REMOVAL AND ICE CONTROL AS THEY AFFECT MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION ARE SUMMARIZED. THE EVER-RISING DEMANDS FOR SWIFT, HIGH-CAPACITY SNOW REMOVAL HAVE BEEN MET CHIEFLY BY INCREASING THE SIZE OF EXISTING MACHINES AND SUPPLYING MORE POWERFUL ENGINES AND TRACTIVE ELEMENTS. ALMOST ALL OF THE MACHINES NOW IS USE ARE BASED ON LONG-ESTABLISHED PRINCIPLES, AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON SNOW CLEARANCE APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN SOMEWHAT NEGLECTED. THERE IS HOPE, HOWEVER, THAT STUDIES NOW BEING MADE IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE WILL LEAD TO RADICAL IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT. SUBJECTS DISCUSSED INCLUDE' CLIMATOLOGICAL ASPECTS, SIGNIFICANT SNOW PROPERTIES, EQUIPMENT FOR MECHANICAL SNOW REMOVAL, SNOW PLOW DESIGN, ICE CONTROL, MELTING CHEMICALS AND ABRASIONS, THERMAL METHODS, SNOW CLEARING COSTS, HIGHWAY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Apr 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107186</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MECHANICS OF PENETRATION OF PILES INTO PERMAFROST</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/124201</link>
      <description><![CDATA[LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF USING ROCKETS FOR DRIVING PILES. PHASE I CONSISTED OF USING GUNS TO DRIVE HOLLOW CIRCULAR MODEL PILES INTO ARTIFICIAL PERMAFROST. MEASURED PARAMETERS WERE THE PENETRATIONS AND IMPACT VELOCITIES OF PILES HAVING VARIOUS EXTERNAL DIAMETERS. THE MAIN PURPOSE OF PHASE II WAS THE MEASUREMENT OF PARAMETERS IN ORDER TO FIND A PHYSICAL MEANING OF THE EMPIRICAL EQUATION DEVELOPED IN PHASE I. THE FIELD TEST PROGRAM CONSISTED OF DRIVING THIN, HOLLOW, FULL-SIZE PILES INTO NATURAL PERMAFROST USING A ROCKET AS THE DRIVING AGENT, AND MEASURING THE SAME PARAMETERS AS IN PHASE I. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT USE OF ROCKETS IS TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT A 6 IN. NOMINAL DIAMETER PILE OF 0.56 IN. WALL THICKNESS COULD BE DRIVEN 6 TO 8 FT INTO PERMAFROST BY A 100,000 LB THRUST ROCKET HAVING AN 80 MSEC BURNING DURATION. TO RESIST COLLAPSE UPON IMPACT WITH THE PERMAFROST, THE PILE SHOULD HAVE EITHER A REINFORCEMENT SHOE OR A MINIMUM WALL THICKNESS OF 0.56 IN. A DESIGN OF AN INTEGRATED PILE-ROCKET ASSEMBLY MEETING THESE REQUIREMENTS IS PROPOSED. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/124201</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>CRUSHING STRENGTH AND LONGITUDINAL WAVE VELOCITY IN PROCESSED SNOW</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/107160</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Jan 1994 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/107160</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AIRFIELDS ON ANTARCTIC GLACIER ICE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/329133</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Aug 1990 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/329133</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DEFINITION OF RESEARCH NEEDS TO ADDRESS AIRPORT PAVEMENT DISTRESS IN COLD REGIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/320169</link>
      <description><![CDATA[No abstract provided.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 1989 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/320169</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECT OF LOW VISIBILITY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF VEHICLE OPERATORS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/115623</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AN EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM TO IDENTIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VISIBILITY CONDITIONS AND OPERATOR PERFORMANCE IS DISCUSSED. AVERAGE SPEED IN NEGOTIATING A CONTROLLED COURSE IS TAKEN AS THE MEASURE OF OPERATOR PERFORMANCE. THE METHOD TO MEASURE VISIBILITY IS DISCUSSED. IT IS SHOWN THAT DESPITE USE OF A CONTRIVED TEST COURSE AND ARTIFICALLY REDUCED VISIBILITY, THE RESULTS APPEAR VALID. IT IS ALSO SHOWN THAT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VISIBILITY CONDITIONS AND AVERAGE SPEED CAN BE REPRESENTED WITH A SIMPLE, SECOND ORDER EQUATION.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 20 Aug 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/115623</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECT OF LOW VISIBILTY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF VEHICLE OPERATIONS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/115362</link>
      <description><![CDATA[AN EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM TO IDENTIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VISIBILITY CONDITIONS AND OPERATOR PERFORMANCE IS DISCUSSED. AVERAGE SPEED IN NEGOTIATING A CONTROLLED COURSE IS TAKEN AS THE MEASURE OF OPERATOR PERFORMANCE. THE METHOD TO MEASURE VISIBILITY IS DISCUSSED. IT IS SHOWN THAT DESPITE USE OF A CONTRIVED TEST COURSE AND ARTIFICIALLY REDUCED VISIBILITY, THE RESULTS APPEAR VALID. IT IS ALSO SHOWN THAT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VISIBILITY CONDITIONS AND AVERAGE SPEED CAN BE REPRESENTED WITH A SIMPLE, SECOND ORDER EQUATION. /AUTHOR/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Jul 1973 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/115362</guid>
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