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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    <atom:link href="https://trid.trb.org/Record/RSS?s=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" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
    </image>
    <item>
      <title>Determination of Environmental Vibration Source Based on Natural Frequency of Different Bearing Slabs</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974072</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Based on the residential buildings adjacent to the metro line in Shanghai, the self-vibration frequency of cast-in-place and prefabricated boards was calculated with the energy method and a numerical model was validated with the finite element method. Results show that the self-vibration frequency of different support slabs calculated by theoretical calculation is approximately similar to that by the numerical simulation, which proves the correctness of the results obtained from the theoretical formula. And according to the analysis results of the self-vibration frequency of different supports, whether the floor vibration caused by people’s discomfort really originates from the urban traffic vibration is verified. Calculation and the verification method of the self-vibration frequency of different supports can provide the basis for the vibration control and vibration isolation of the floor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974072</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Disintegration Characteristics and Fractal Features of Red Sandstone During Drying–Wetting Cycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Samples of different initial particle sizes were made by red sandstone collected from Zhuzhou of Hunan Province, and the laboratory tests of slaking were carried out in order to study the influence of samples with different initial particle sizes for disintegration. Then, the distribution of particle size was researched after disintegration during drying–wetting cycles, and the variation rules of slake durability index and fractal dimension were studied based on the tests. Results show that the percentage of each particle group changes along with cycle times, the percentage of each particle group changes along with particle size, and the cumulative percentage of each group changes along with particle size. Changes were all consistent after the samples with different initial particle sizes disintegrating. Meanwhile, the slake durability index has a close exponent correlation with the cycle times. Moreover, the initial particle sizes of samples have a certain influence on the slake durability index and fractal dimension. Bigger the initial particle size of samples is, the smaller the slake durability index will be, and the larger the fractal dimension will be gotten, and the faster the disintegration rate becomes. While the smaller the initial particle size of samples is, the larger the slake durability index will be, and the smaller the fractal dimension will be gotten, and the slower the disintegration rate becomes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974071</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Limit Analysis of Slope Stability During Pile Driving Considering Energy Dissipation Due to Deformation of Inner Friction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974069</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In most existing limit analysis studies of slope stability, it was often assumed that the logarithmic spiral landslide body is a rigid body, and the energy dissipation in the process of landslide occurs only on the sliding surface. Although the calculation of energy dissipation could be significantly simplified by employing this assumption, the energy dissipation due to internal friction could not be taken into account in the slope stability analysis, thereby often leading to inaccuracy in the evaluation of slope safety factor. In this paper, a multi-block partitioning method is adopted to quantify the internal dissipation during the pile driving process. By employing the limit analysis method, the safety factor incorporating the effects of energy dissipation due to internal friction for evaluating the slope stability subjected to pile driving is calculated. Comparison studies of the results with and without consideration of internal-friction-induced energy dissipation are presented and discussed. The results show that the slope safety factor with consideration of the energy dissipation due to inner friction-induced deformation is greater than its counterpart neglecting such effects. The energy dissipation significantly contributes to improving the anti-slide capacity of slope, which should be taken into account in the slope stability analysis in practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974069</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Ground-Borne Vibration Generated by High-Speed Trains on the Pile-Supported Subgrade Reinforced by Geogrid</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The pile-supported subgrade reinforced by geogrid is widely applied in the construction of high-speed railway in China. To investigate the ground-borne vibration of such composite foundations subjected to moving loads induced by high-speed trains, a train-track-ground dynamic analysis model involving the pile, pile cap and cushion, was developed based on the three-dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM). Based on the field data for a practical composite subgrade project at the east side of Suzhou Railway Station of Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, the numerical model was established and verified accordingly with the in situ measured results. Comparison studies were conducted on the vibrations for the composite foundation and unreinforced foundation. Results show that acceleration of ground-borne vibration is reduced effectively in composite subgrade because of the existence of cushion and piles, and the vibration attenuates increasingly quickly as the distance from the track center increases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974070</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental Study on Environmental Vibration Induced by Streetcar</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The environmental vibration tests by streetcar were carried out on a certain section along Line 202 in Dalian City, and the ground acceleration time history curve was obtained. Time-domain and frequency-domain analysis methods were used for processing the acceleration data, then draw the 1/3 octave spectrum of the vibration acceleration and obtain the vibration level of the environmental vibration so as to assess the environmental vibration effect and study the propagation law of the vibration response induced by the tram car. The measured result shows that the main frequency band of the environmental vibration by the tram car is 30–70 Hz; the maximum vibration level at different measuring points is 75–93 dB, and in winter the effective value of vibration acceleration is greater than the value in summer. This is because the low temperature increases the strength and stiffness of the subgrade, which leads to an increase in the effective value of the acceleration in the longitudinal direction. In addition, the vibration response is reduced with the increase in distance from the vibration source. The maximum vibration level at 10 m from the central line of the downlink track is about 93 dB when the speed of the vehicle is 40 km/h, about 77 dB at 30 m, so it can meet the vibration standard of urban environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974068</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Influencing Factors and Significant Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Silty Clay Subgrade in Seasonal Frozen Area</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974066</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To explore the influence of different factors on the mechanical properties of highway subgrade soil, taking the soil specimen of the highway roadbed in Zhangjiakou as a research object, the factors of freezing and thawing times, water content, compaction degree, and freezing negative temperature are investigated. Using an orthogonal test design, freeze–thaw, temperature monitoring, and static triaxial tests are conducted. Significance analysis of the orthogonal test results is applied to determine the effect of the interaction between the factors, both individually and in combination, on the static strength, internal friction angle, and cohesion of the soil. Test results show that (1) after freeze–thaw cycles, the factors that significant influence the soil strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle are water content, compaction degree, freeze–thaw cycles, and freezing negative temperature; (2) these factors affect the freezing and thawing rate of soil samples, which affects the change of soil mechanical properties; (3) for increasing freezing and thawing times, the soil strength decreases continuously, and the intensity decay trend is slow after the fifth freeze–thaw cycle.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974066</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>HCA Study of Permanent Deformation of Sand Under Train-Induced Stress Path Considering Variable Confining Pressure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974065</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, a typical stress path experienced by subsoil in a railway foundation is used in a dynamic hollow cylinder apparatus (HCA) to obtain cyclic responses of soils subjected to moving trainloads. This is achieved through varying axial force, torque, inner and outer confining pressures independently during each load cycle. A multistage test using the specific stress path is conducted on Leighton Buzzard sand considering various magnitudes of the trainloads. Comparative studies using constant confining pressures are also carried out. It is found that in both cases with constant or variable confining pressures, the long-term deformation mechanism of the sand tends to change from shakedown to incremental collapse as the load level is increased. It was noticed that the increase rates of vertical permanent strain of the two cases are close if they have similar maximum ratios of deviator stress to mean effective stress (q/p)max and ratios of peak deviator stress to average mean effective stress qmax/pavg.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974065</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utility Trench Backfill Compaction Using Vibratory Plate Compactor Versus Excavator-Mounted Hydraulic Plate Compactor</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974064</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Excavator-mounted hydraulic plate compactors have been widely used in utility trench backfill compaction due to their efficiency. However, there are industry concerns on the possibility of pipe damage due to the combination of static downward earth pressure exerted by the excavator arm and dynamic earth pressure induced by the excavator-mounted hydraulic plate compactor. This paper presents the results of a field study that aims to compare the performances of utility trench compaction using a conventional walk-behind vibratory plate compactor with a lift thickness of 200 mm (8 in.) and an excavator-mounted hydraulic plate compactor with a lift thickness of 200 mm (8 in.), 300 mm (12 in.), 450 mm (18 in.), and 600 mm (24 in.). A flexible PVC pipe was used. The field test results indicate that the excavator-mounted hydraulic plate compactor delivered comparable compacted dry mass densities with a lift thickness of 200 and 300 mm as the walk-behind vibratory plate compactor did with a lift thickness of 200 mm; however, the excavator-mounted hydraulic plate compactor was not able to consistently achieve adequate compacted dry mass densities with a lift thickness of 450 and 600 mm. The excavator-mounted hydraulic plate compactor induced larger dynamic vertical earth pressures than did the walk-behind vibratory plate compactor.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974064</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Vibration Isolation Mechanism of Row Piles Under Single-Point Excitation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974063</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To study the vibration isolation mechanism of row piles exposed to vibrations generated at a single point, a finite element model of a foundation using infinite element boundaries is established based on the theory of an elastic half-space body. The model included a single-point vibration source in the free field and piles arranged in a row, and corresponding contour maps of the amplitude dissipation ratio (Ar) were drawn. The results show that the vibration waves radiate out from the excitation point and that their acceleration amplitude decays continuously. The overall vibration isolation progressively improves as the number of piles and the row depth increase. However, the degree of improvement in the isolation effect decreases with increasing depth. If the spacing between row piles is too large, the vibration isolation effect of the row piles will be unsatisfactory. However, reducing the row spacing does not necessarily improve the vibration isolation effect of row piles. Compared with a hollow pile, a solid pile has a better vibration isolation effect, but the difference is not significant. Additionally, the vibration isolation effect of a circular pile is worse than that of a square pile. As the distance between the vibration source and the row piles decreases, the isolation effect becomes more pronounced, but the difference is not pronounced. Furthermore, the isolation effect of row piles is better for low-frequency vibrations than for intermediate- and high-frequency vibrations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974063</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Permanent Deformation Behavior of Coarse-Grained Residual Subsoil Under Large Amplitude Loading Cycles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Traffic-load-induced deformations in a subgrade occur due to long-term loading and unloading cycles. Residual soils with coarse-grained gradation have been extensively used as subgrade soil in the mountainous region of China. It is of practical value to study the permanent deformation behavior of coarse-grained residual soils subjected to different cyclic stress ratios (CSRs) under their optimal moisture content conditions. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of the CSR on the accumulative deformation behavior of a residual soil as well as field tests on the traffic-load-influenced depths in a case subgrade. A series of large-scale monotonic triaxial (TX) tests and large-scale cyclic TX tests, wherein 50,000 loading cycles were applied, were conducted under optimal moisture content conditions. An increasing CSR increases the breakage of the coarse-grained particles. The values of the particle breakage under monotonic loading conditions are compared to corresponding values under cyclic loading conditions using the Hardin relative breakage index. For the cyclic TX tests, the long-term cyclic loading produces a >1.5-times greater Hardin breakage index compared to the values obtained from monotonic TX tests. The obtained experimental results show that an increasing CSR increases the cumulative strain but, in contrast, decreases the resilient modulus. The CSR primarily shapes the strain–stress curves obtained from the cyclic TX tests. Based on the laboratory results, a cumulative strain prediction formula, as well as a formula for the prediction of the steady resilient modulus, was established. The field tests were also involved in the case study on accumulative deformation prediction. Consequently, the traffic-load-influenced depths were identified, and an empirical method for predicting traffic-load-induced deformation was established for this residual soil subgrade. The magnitude of the CSR, the number of traffic-loading cycles, and the in situ confining pressure are considered in the empirical method. Good agreement between the predicted deformation and the measured deformation indicates the feasibility of this method. The intensity of dynamic stresses on the subgrade surface and the attenuation law of the dynamic stresses along with the subgrade depth were also discussed. The findings are expected to improve our understanding of the permanent deformation behavior of coarse-grained residual soil under optimal moisture content conditions when subjected to long-term traffic loading.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Numerical Investigation on Screening Surface Waves Using a Buried Trench with Plate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This article is aimed at studying the effectiveness of a buried trench with a plate in screening the ground vibrations. Influence of various geometrical parameters normalized by Rayleigh wavelength is investigated to identify key parameters of the buried trench. Three types of the buried barriers depending on the relative position between plate and trench are considered herein: (a) trench with source-oriented plate, (b) T-shape trench and (c) trench with receiver-oriented plate. Screening effectiveness of these cases is compared to that of the buried trench without a plate. Parameters study shows that adding a plate to buried trench has a considerable beneficial effect on screening vibrations, and some design considerations of the buried trench with the plate are made for enhancing the screening efficiency.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974062</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Influence of Fibre-Reinforced Load Transfer Platform Supported Embankment on Floating Columns Improved Soft Soils</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Fibre reinforcement has been proved to be effective in improving geotechnical characteristics of both untreated and cemented soils, such as shear and compressive strength, bearing capacity, ductility and load-settlement behaviour. The application of fibre-reinforced soils could be beneficial to construction of embankments over soft soils because it can maintain its proper strength and bearing capacity when suffering from large total and differential settlements. In this study, fibre-reinforced cemented soil foundation is proposed to be used as a fibre-reinforced load transfer platform (FRLTP) combined with columns supported (CS) embankment constructed on multilayers of soft soils. To investigate the effect of addition of FRLTP into the CS embankment system, a numerical investigation based on the finite element analysis (FEA) using PLAXIS 2D was conducted. Moreover, a parametric analysis was carried out to evaluate the influence of the FRLTP thickness on the performance of the CS embankment when considering the vertical and differential settlements during the embankment construction and post-construction stages. The predicted results indicate that the vertical settlement and the lateral deformation considerably reduce with the insertion of FRLTP into the CS embankment system. Meanwhile, the outcomes of the parametric study reveal that the FRLTP thickness has a significant influence on the enhancement in the time-dependent differential settlement. Although the vertical settlement significantly decreases with increasing the FRLTP thickness, the post-construction vertical settlement was predicted to be most likely independent of the FRLTP thickness. The findings of this study could enable geotechnical engineers and designers to design a time-dependent performance-based FRLTP for a CS embankment over soft soils and aim to enhance the related design codes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974060</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In Situ Test and Analysis on Ground Vibration and Noise Induced by Tram Passing Small-Radius Curve Track</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974058</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In order to explore the characteristics of ground vibration and noise due to tram operation, a small-radius curve section of a trial operation tram line in a city is selected as the test object, as well as a straight-line section. During the in situ test, the same tram is used to run repeatedly at different speeds, and the measured data of ground vibration and noises inside and outside the tram are obtained. The test results show that: (1) The ground vibration acceleration in the small-radius curve section is mainly concentrated between 80 and 400 Hz, and the noise is mainly between 1000 and 8000 Hz, which are both greater than those in the straight-line section. The noise inside the tram is slightly greater than that outside in the frequency band below 630 Hz in the small-radius curve section; but they exchange when it above 630 Hz. In the straight section, the noises inside and outside the tram are basically same. (2) With the increase of the train speed, there is no significant difference in ground vibration below 100 Hz, but above 100 Hz, the maximum vibration difference is between 5 and 8 dB. The maximum increase of noises inside and outside the tram is, respectively, about 6 and 2 dB(A). (3) The ground vibration acceleration level outside the curve is larger than that inside, and the maximum difference is about 15 dB, meanwhile, the noise inside the small-radius curve is greater than that outside, and the maximum difference is about 6 dB(A).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974058</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the Influences of the Geometric Parameters of the Vibration Isolation Effect of Miniature Concrete Vibration-Isolated Piles for Rail Transit</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To study the vibration isolation effect of miniature concrete vibration-isolated piles for rail transit on shallow surfaces, the evaluation parameters were set, and a model was tested to analyze different geometric parameters of vibration-isolated piles. The results show the following. When the ratio of the pile length to the wavelength is between 1.024 and 1.125, an increase in the pile length has less effect on the vibration isolation effect. When the ratio of the pile spacing to the wavelength is between 0.013 and 0.080, the vibration effect can be maintained at a good level. When the ratio of the spacing to the wavelength is greater than 0.080, the vibration isolation effect gradually decreases with an increase in the pile spacing. When the ratio of the pile section width to the wavelength is greater than 0.058, an increase in the pile section width gradually weakens the effect of the vibration isolation. Finally, when the ratio of the vibration-isolated pile section width to the pile length and the ratio between the pile spacing and the pile length are both small, vibration-isolated piles can obtain a good vibration isolation effect. Using elongated and densely arranged single-row piles can provide a good vibration isolation effect. If the location of a vibration-isolated pile is not close to the source of vibration, the pile can obtain a better vibration isolation effect. When the ratio of the vibration source distance to the pile length is in the range of 0.9–1.2, setting vibration-isolated piles at a certain distance from the vibration source can achieve a better vibration isolation effect.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 06 Dec 2023 17:02:37 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974057</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Stability Analysis of Fractured Rock Slopes with Vertical Cracks Subjected to the Hydraulic Effect Based on the Hoek–Brown Failure Criterion</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974097</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this paper, the stability of fractured rock slopes subjected to the hydraulic effect is studied using the upper bound limit analysis. The Hoek–Brown failure criterion and the strength reduction technique are introduced to obtain the expression of the safety factor of slopes considering hydraulic effect. Based on the nonlinear sequential quadratic programming, the safety factor (Fs) and critical failure surface for fractured rock slopes are investigated with different groundwater levels and crack depths. Besides, the detailed parametric analyses of Hoek–Brown failure criterion (i.e., Geological Strength Index (GSI), the disturbance coefficient (D) and the material constant (mi) obtained by compression tests) on fractured rock slopes are carried out. The results show that with an increase in the groundwater level and crack depth, the Fs of the fractured rock slope gradually decreases. The nonlinear strength parameters also have significant effect on the slope stability: As GSI increases, the values of Fs increase significantly; with an increase in D, the Fs gradually decreases; and with an increase in mi, the Fs gradually decreases when the groundwater level is low but gradually increases when the groundwater level is high.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Nov 2023 10:13:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974097</guid>
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