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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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      <title>Development of an HV energy storage system for electrified CV semi-trailer vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973723</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2019 the European Parliament and the European Commission have agreed on binding targets for the reduction of CO₂ emissions caused by commercial vehicles. The European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) described this reduction targets as “highly ambitious". By using electrically propelled semi-trailer vehicles, a significant reduction in the emissions caused by heavy trucks can be achieved. In addition to brake energy regeneration, this also enables additional traction power and a load-point shifting of semi-trailer trucks. The development and integration of the electric traction components, especially engines and a high-voltage energy storage system requires a high level of R&D expenditure, which the manufacturers of semi-trailer vehicles cannot manage by themselves completely. For this reason, a self-sufficient electric cooperation drive system for articulated trucks and trailers has been developed, constructed and tested in a collaborative research project sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy (BMWi). In this project, Fraunhofer Institute LBF built the high-voltage energy storage system which was developed with a capacity of 100 kWh based on NMC cells with 18650 format.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973723</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Achievable Performance Gains by Connected Driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973708</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the years, automotive manufacturers have invested big efforts to reduce accidents and improve fuel efficiency, and at the same time to improve comfort and driving conditions. But the problem of traffic management on highways and in cities still persists, which results in increased fuel consumption, emissions and wastage of time. V2X communication technologies have been proposed as a means to further increase traffic safety and efficiency, wherein vehicles exchange information with other vehicles in their proximity and make collective decisions. This information exchange between vehicles enables them to not only make accurate and calculated split-second decisions, but also gives them the ability to remain connected over the network for commercial applications and real-time services. This paper aims to show the benefits of these network-connected vehicles in terms of improvements in traffic efficiency, emissions and time. These improvements are shown via two scenarios – shockwaves and connected traffic junction. Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) along with a network model is used to model and reflect a more realistic traffic and network behavior. Key performance indicators such as traffic throughput, time-to-travel, emissions, etc. show a positive trend when compared to the conventional scenarios.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973708</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Requirements of Automated Vehicles and Depots for the Initial Step of Automated Public Transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973705</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) has progressed rapidly. In order to make use of the advantages of self-driving busses, it is necessary to prepare the bus depots for automated vehicles. The aim of this paper is to investigate the associated optimization potential, to use it to raise the attention to the necessity of automated depots and to underline the profitability of a fully automated depot. In addition, automated driving on public roads is not feasible without restrictions, due to the legal framework in Europe. However, these regulations do not apply within cordoned off areas, as they are private property. Therefore terminals and depots offer already the possibility for test fields. Accordingly, and for initiating the preparation of depots, this paper first presents the state of the art of self-driving passenger cars, followed by automated busses. Subsequently the current operational tasks of a selected exemplary depot in Munich is recorded. For the creation of a concept for automated depots several requirements are presented. These include not only the technical requirements for the bus fleet and the Depot Operating System (DOS), but also demands on the infrastructure, the communication interface and the legal framework. Subsequently, a gap analysis is made by comparing the requirements and the state of the art.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973705</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Digital Terrain Models Generation based on GNSS-Acquired Data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973699</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The rapid population growth, cost pressure and environmental requests have changed the way agriculture is done by pushing both the industry and the farmers to develop and invest in efficient and sustainable technologies, aimed at improving crop yields and reduce input costs.A special attention is required by the application of pesticides, whose usage affects not only the crops, but also the environment. When applying pesticides highest precision is required, non-targeted area must not be contaminated and regulations e.g. in regard to buffer zones, where spraying is prohibited, must be met. Since pesticide contamination can occur not only through direct application, but also through run-off or erosion, the German law stipulates the presence of buffer zones between targeted areas and adjacent waterbodies.The PAM3D project aims to integrate elevation information in the computation of buffer zones by using Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). Based on DEMs, the slope parameter can be derived and further introduced into the computation of buffer zones. The progress made in the GNSS field, where the repeatable accuracy can go up to ± 2 cm (RTK techniques), makes the documentation data from various field operations a viable source of 3D coordinates, from which high-quality DEMs can be generated through kriging interpolation method.Furthermore, a cloud-based service with capabilities to process and store 3D information from GNSS receivers has been implemented, together with APIs necessary for enabling the communication between users and service.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973699</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Extending Skills of Autonomous Off-Road Robots on the Example of Behavior-Based Edge Compaction in a Road Construction Scenario</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973695</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Autonomous construction robots operate in challenging environments and fulfill versatile tasks within frequently changing surroundings. To increase quality and productivity, the functionality of autonomous agents has to be continuously extended to achieve robust navigation and task-related skills. Unfortunately, the complexity of autonomous systems increases strongly along with their increasing number of application areas, while the overall maintainability decreases. In the area of road construction, tandem rollers are vehicles with a high potential for automation. This paper proposes an extensible and scalable framework for autonomous off-road robots on the example of road compaction tasks. The solution fosters reuse of components, enables abstraction, and clear interface definitions. New skills are added to the software framework and their performance is demonstrated within a simulated road construction scenario.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973695</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Brush Tyre Model with Standstill Handler for Energy Efficiency Studies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973691</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Energy efficiency simulations are crucial during development and sales phases, since they can be used to tune vehicle specifications and functions towards the use cases. During a transport mission, heavy-duty vehicles come across very common situations like idling and standstill which are often disregarded in many approaches. At the same time, slip losses are difficult to estimate due to intrinsic difficulties in tyre modelling. In this paper, we present a vehicle model switching among different discrete states. The switching logic is regulated by a state machine and allows to cope with standstill without neglecting frictional losses. The whole model is simulated within a complex environment able to reflect the impact from external surroundings over vehicle performance. Results from simulations show that slip losses can represent a conspicuous amount of the total, and should be properly taken into account when dealing with energy efficiency studies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973691</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>evTrailer - Autarkic electric drive system for semitrailer</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973683</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Today, commercial vehicle traffic makes a major contribution to the consumption of fossil fuels and the generation of CO₂ emissions. Within the context of the ev(=electric vehicle)Trailer project, an innovative drive system has been developed for commercial vehicle trailers in particular. The unique feature lies in the completely autarkic electric drive of the trailer, which enables the compatibility with any tractor unit. The support of the tractor unit by the trailer's own drive with integrated brake energy utilization (recuperation) has enormous potential. First and foremost is the reduction of fuel consumption and emission of CO₂. Due to the electric single-wheel drive, it is also possible to apply different drive or braking torques to the wheels and thus influence the driving stability of the tractor-trailer (torque vectoring). Furthermore, an evTrailer offers the possibility to be moved without a tractor unit by using its own electrical drives during manoeuvring (self-sufficient driving) and also to drive around bends. The evTrailer has been developed and realized within the context of a joint project funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973683</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Engine performance and emission analysis of a NRMM CI engine with common rail injection system operated with diesel fuel and rapeseed oil fuel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973677</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The use of alternative fuels in high-power non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) combustion engines is a possible way to substitute fossil fuel. By using pure vegetable oil fuels, like rapeseed oil fuel (DIN 51605), the greenhouse gases can be reduced effectively. Due to the differences in physical and chemical properties, a modification of the engine control unit calibration is necessary to adapt the working process on the fuel. Without modifications, the engine power output with rapeseed oil fuel is lower than with diesel fuel because of the smaller energy content. By adapting the engine settings, like the injection fuel mass, the power loss can be compensated but it accompanies with a higher fuel consumption. The engine emissions at part load conditions show, that there are benefits in particle emissions by using rapeseed oil at similar NOₓ emissions. Therefore, a design of experiment setup was initiated on a selected engine operation point to determine the effects of further parameters, like rail pressure, manifold pressure and injection pattern, on the process and to see the potential of an optimized calibration.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973677</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Planning and conducting a measurement campaign and derivation of customer-specific load distributions for light duty trucks in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973680</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In a close collaboration between Borgward Group GmbH, Beiqi Foton Motor Co., LTD. and Fraunhofer ITWM, new design loads for light duty trucks in the People's Republic of China have been created based on a dedicated measurement campaign. This article describes the process of planning and conducting the campaign as well as the evaluation of the data including the derivation of load distributions for various groups of users and the mapping to the proving ground. A usage model for the truck has been generated using Monte-Carlo-simulations on the digital road map data. To calibrate that model, real track data from approximately 100 trucks has been analyzed. Geo-referenced load data analysis and statistical reasoning have been used to prepare the collected data for the derivation of load distributions for various usage scenarios in the target market “China” such as short distance cold chain transport, regional agricultural goods transport and others. Finally, proving ground schedules have been optimized to best meet the design loads taken as high quantiles from the load distributions. In addition, a model for the derivation of consumption cycles based on the measured data has been created and applied to generate new truck-specific cycles representing the expected average consumption during field usage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973680</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A driver-in-the-loop co-simulation framework for testing predictive EDAS for commercial vehicles in urban environments</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973676</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To experience realistic driving scenarios in the virtual simulation environment, strengths of both the traffic simulation and the vehicle simulation tools must be combined. In this paper, a driver-in-the-loop co-simulation framework for testing predictive eco-driving assistance systems (EDAS) for commercial vehicles in urban environments is proposed. The co-simulation is performed by exchanging information between IPG TruckMaker, a vehicle simulation software tailored for commercial vehicles, and SUMO, an open-source software for microscopic traffic simulation. To avoid delays during the data exchange process, time-steps of both the tools are synchronized. The co-simulation environment replicates a bus route in the city of Kaiserslautern along with the corresponding bus stops, traffic lights, road speed limits, pedestrian crossings and road elevation. The stochastic traffic and pedestrian flow in the road network is generated using SUMO. In this work, the co-simulation framework is extended by introducing the driver into the simulation loop. This is achieved by coupling the vehicle simulation tool with a driving simulator, in which the driver controls the ego-vehicle. The proposed framework will serve to test various use-cases of predictive eco-driving assistant systems (EDAS).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973676</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DFKI Cabin Simulator: A Test Platform for Visual In-Cabin Monitoring Functions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973675</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We present a test platform for visual in-cabin scene analysis and occupant monitoring functions. The test platform is based on a driving simulator developed at the DFKI, consisting of a realistic in-cabin mock-up and a wide-angle projection system for a realistic driving experience. The platform has been equipped with a wide-angle 2D/3D camera system monitoring the entire interior of the vehicle mock-up of the simulator. It is also supplemented with a ground truth reference sensor system that allows to track and record the occupant’s body movements synchronously with the 2D and 3D video streams of the camera. Thus, the resulting test platform will serve as a basis to validate numerous in-cabin monitoring functions, which are important for the realization of novel human-vehicle interfaces, advanced driver assistant systems, and automated driving. Among the considered functions are occupant presence detection, size and 3D-pose estimation, and driver intention recognition. In addition, our platform will be the basis for the creation of large-scale in-cabin benchmark datasets.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973675</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Method development for analysis of customer driving data by using driving patterns and cluster algorithm</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973674</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Knowledge about representative use by customers is of great importance for customer orientated dimensioning and testing of innovative vehicle concepts with alternative drives. This information is crucial in order to fulfill customer specific requirements regarding vehicles with future mobility concepts like MaaS or TaaS. For this purpose 5. Mio of mileage was measured with Data-loggers by different customers of light commercial vehicles. Based on both customer data and literature references a method was developed to segment the data in trips and intermediate rests. Using a combination of principal component analysis, t-SNE method and K-Means cluster algorithm, the trips can be divided in separated groups. A similarity between trips from different customer groups can be seen in the result of the cluster analysis. Based on the clustered and parameterized trips and pauses, representative driving cycles can be created for different customer applications in a following step. These for example can be used in simulations for customer design of alternative drives.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973674</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>System comparison CO₂-free commercial vehicle drives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973673</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Hydrogen is gaining in the current debate on new energy sources for commercial vehicles. In most cases, the use of a fuel cell is implied, whereby there is also the possibility of using a hydrogen combustion engine. CO₂-emission reduction is possible with both drive concepts. This paper compares various alternatives to the conventional internal combustion engine powered by fossil fuels: BEV, PEM-FC and HICE. The comparison is based on a data analysis in the form of a well-to-wheel analysis with regard to the effective CO₂-emissions. The comparison shows that the use of renewable energy sources as a primary energy source is in any case necessary for an effective CO₂ reduction. It is clear that hydrogen-based concepts have a competitiveness in terms of the holistic CO₂-balance compared to the BEV when using purely renewable primary energy carriers for driving energy. Other evaluated criteria are the load of the commercial vehicles (here: heavy duty), which depends on the drive concept, and the costs of the compared vehicles over the entire life cycle (TCO analysis). Based on the required reduction of the load, it becomes clear that a BEV cannot be an alternative for long-distance applications from today's point of view. In the TCO analysis it can be seen that the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell is disadvantageous compared to the H₂-combustion engine. In addition, current challenges in the development of fuel cells and hydrogen combustion engines for use vehicles will be addressed and a concept for a hydrogen combustion engine for commercial use will be presented.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973673</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Digital validation of cable performance for vehicles in operation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973670</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Physically correct simulation of flexible components is a nontrivial, but very important task, especially for cables and hoses in vehicles. Often, early designs do not represent the real deformation of cables and hoses. This can lead to serious problems in later phases of the product development. In this work we present a new software module, added to an existing cable simulation software. It focusses on digital validation of cables and hoses for vehicles in operation. Typically, high frequency excitation from engine vibration or loads from road profile are applied to the cable mountings, such that inertia and damping are indispensable. The module enables comfortable and fast simulation in very early design phases, including the dynamic effects mentioned above. Excitation signals can be generated easily, e.g. periodic signals with specified frequencies or stochastic signals from PSD data. Moreover, the simulation is very efficient and is real-time capable for many applications. Finally, post-processing tools help to analyse the simulation results. For instance, it is easy to detect undesired contact of components with their environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973670</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development and implementation of infrared heating systems for vehicle cabins and their measurement evaluation with regard to thermal comfort</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973669</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Infrared heaters for heating vehicle cabs are beginning to be established, especially for electric vehicles. An important question here is what influence this has on efficiency and thermal comfort. The development and implementation of infrared heating systems in vehicle cabins, aiming at the highest possible efficiency and thermal comfort, is presented. It could be shown that considerable comfort gains can be achieved with IR-heaters, especially for short distance journeys in winter. Also a higher energy efficiency could be shown in the preliminary stage.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 23 Feb 2023 09:31:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1973669</guid>
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