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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Video Test to Evaluate Detection Performance of Drivers with Hemianopia: Preliminary Results</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263838</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The ability of individuals with hemianopia to compensate for their vision impairment by eye/head scanning to detect hazards in their non-seeing (blind) hemifield varies widely in both simulator and on-road tests. Conventional visual fields tests do not reflect this variability, while simulator and on-road tests are time-consuming and expensive. The authors therefore developed a simple, 15-minute video-based pedestrian detection test suitable for implementation on a desktop computer and monitor. The test was found to be sensitive to detection deficits in both hemianopia and quadranopia, and predictive of detection performance in a driving simulator. Preliminary findings suggest that the test provides a simple method of measuring detection ability relevant to driving which may be useful both as a screening test and as an evaluation tool for rehabilitation devices and  training.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2013 10:37:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263838</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>The Design of Haptic Gas Pedal Feedback to Support Eco-Driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263841</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Previous literature suggests that haptic gas pedals can assist the driver in search of maximum fuel economy. This study investigated three haptic pedal designs, each with high and low intensities of feedback, in a rapid prototyping, paired comparison design. Twenty drivers took part, experiencing the systems in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Results suggested that drivers were best guided  towards an “idealized” (most fuel efficient) gas pedal position by force feedback (where a driver feels a step change in gas pedal force) as opposed to stiffness feedback (where a driver feels a changing gas pedal firmness). In either case, high levels of force/stiffness feedback were preferred. Objective performance measures mirrored the subjective results. Whilst the short-term nature (brief system exposure) of this study led to difficulties in drawing longer-term conclusions, it would appear that force feedback haptics are better suited than stiffness feedback to augment an effective driver interface supporting “green” driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2013 10:37:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263841</guid>
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      <title>The Long Road Home: Driving Performance and Ocular Measurements of Drowsiness Following Night Shift-Work</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because time-of-day effects on sleepiness interact with duration of prior waking, the commute home following a night shift is an especially vulnerable time for night shift workers. The current study aimed to explore the impact of night shift work on critical driving events as well as to explore  physiological indices leading up to these events. Sixteen healthy night shift workers (18-65 years) each participated in two 2-hour driving sessions in an instrumented vehicle on a driving track. A baseline driving session was conducted following a night of rest, while another session was conducted following a night of shift work. Objective physiological measurements of drowsiness were monitored and collected continuously throughout the drive session as well as different measures of driving performance. Following the night-shift, drivers had higher Johns Drowsiness Scores (based on ocular measures) and were more likely to experience lane excursion events and investigator-initiated braking events than following a night’s rest. While they also reported increasing failures in lane keeping ability, the pattern was not always consistent with actual observed data.  The implications for countermeasures are discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2013 10:37:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263839</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: Twenty Years Later</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263840</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The present study used simulator sickness questionnaire data from nine different studies to validate and explore the work of the most widely used simulator sickness index. The ability to predict participant dropouts as a result of simulator sickness symptoms was also evaluated. Overall, participants experiencing nausea and nausea-related symptoms were the most likely to fail to  complete simulations. Further, simulation specific factors that increase the discrepancy between visual and vestibular perceptions are also related to higher participant study dropout rates. As a result, it is suggested that simulations minimize turns, curves, stops, et cetera, if possible, in order to minimize participant simulation sickness symptoms. The present study highlights several  factors to attend to in order to minimize elevated participant simulation sickness.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Sep 2013 10:37:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263840</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Comparison of Anticipatory Glancing and Risk Mitigation of Novice Drivers and Exemplary Drivers when Approaching Curves</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263067</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Novice drivers are overrepresented in run-off-the-road crashes. Indeed, the previous literature demonstrates that novice drivers are less likely to anticipate hazards or maintain attention to the forward roadway and as a result fail to mitigate hazards by slowing. This research was an effort to compare the linked hazard anticipation and hazard mitigation behaviors of novice drivers with  exemplary experienced drivers at curves, locations that are known to have a greater crash risk. Each driver navigated three drives in a driving simulator, one of which included a moderate curve left and one of which included a tightening curve right. Experienced drivers made more anticipatory glances and began slowing significantly earlier in the curves than did novice drivers. However,novice drivers who anticipated hazards were much more likely to also mitigate the hazard. The use of these results in a PC-based driver hazard mitigation training program will be discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263067</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Using Manual Measurements on Event Recorder Video and Image Processing Algorithms to Extract Optical Parameters and Range</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Vehicle kinematics and optical parameters such as optical angle, optical expansion rate, and tau are thought to underlie drivers’ ability to avoid and handle critical traffic situations. Analyses of these parameters in naturalistic driving data with video, such as commercial event recordings of near-crashes and crashes, can provide insight into driver behavior in critical traffic situations. This  paper describes a pair of methods, one for the range to a lead vehicle and one for its optical angle, that are derived from image processing mathematics and that provide driver behavior researchers with a relatively simple way to extract optical parameters from video-based naturalistic data when automatic image processing is not possible. The methods begin with manual measurements of the size of other road users on a video on a screen. To develop the methods, 20 participants manually measured the width of a lead vehicle on 14 images where the lead vehicle was placed at different distances from the camera. An on-market DriveCam Event Recorder was used to capture these images. A linear model that corrects distortion and modeling optics was developed to transform the on-screen measurements distance (range) to and optical angle of the vehicle. The width of the confidence interval for predicted range is less than 0.1m when the actual distance is less than 10m and the lead-vehicle width estimate is correct. The methods enable driver behavior researchers to easily and accurately estimate useful kinematic and optical parameters from videos (e.g., of crashes and nearcrashes) in event-based naturalistic driving data.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263062</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>An Initial Assessment of the Significance of Task Pacing on Self-Report and Physiological Measures of Workload While Driving</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263061</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In block A of a simulator study, a sample of 38 drivers showed a stepwise increase in heart rate and skin conductance level (SCL) from single task driving and across 3 levels of an auditory presentation – verbal response dual task (n-back), replicating findings from on-road research. Subjective ratings showed a similar stepwise increase, establishing concurrent validity of the physiological indices as measures of workload. In block B, varying the inter-stimulus interval in  the intermediate 1-back level of the task resulted in a pattern across self-report workload ratings, heart rate, and SCL suggesting that task pacing may influence effective workload. Further consideration of the impact of task pacing in auditory-verbal in-vehicle applications is indicated.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263061</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Who are the Users of Speed Regulation Assistance? Comparing Driver Characteristics of Casual and Intensive System Users</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Speed regulation assistance can contribute to road safety provided that drivers use the systems on a regular basis. With the objective to gain knowledge about drivers who use Cruise Control and the Speed Limiter, a comparison of the characteristics of casual and intensive users was performed with survey data. The results show that gender and annual mileage play a role for the usage frequency of Cruise Control, whereas the usage frequency of the Speed Limiter depends on age. Consistent effects of the car use for business matters and the use of other in-vehicle technologies were found on the usage frequency of both systems. The predominant motive to reduce speeding found for both systems corresponds with the objective of speed regulation assistance as a safety measure. It was complemented with a comfort benefit perceived by Cruise Control users.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263068</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control: Critical Human Factors Issues and Research Questions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261945</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As traffic volume and delay on highways increase each year, new  solutions are required to meet travel demand and ease congestion. One possible  solution, Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control, permits vehicles and  infrastructure to communicate, providing the capability to maintain safety while  increasing travel lane capacity. The technical capabilities have been  demonstrated, but as important to ensuring successful implementation is an  understanding of the potential human factors-related issues. Use of automation in  the driving environment can have numerous pitfalls, which are heavily influenced  by a variety of both deliberate and reflexive human judgments and decisions  known to be error-prone. This paper examines these potential issues and identifies  research areas and questions that may guide future research to evaluate the safety,  efficacy, and acceptance of this new technology.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1261945</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Inhibitory Control and Peer Passengers Predict Risky Driving in Young Novice Drivers - A Simulator Study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This driving simulator study aimed to investigate (1) effects of peer passengers on a variety of risky driving measures, and (2) moderating effects of inhibitory control on these peer passenger effects. Two age groups (n = 30, 17-18 year-olds; n = 20, 21-24 year-olds) participated. Each participant completed two 28km test-drives in a medium-fidelity driving simulator. In the first drive, participants were asked to drive as they normally do. In the second drive, participants again were asked to drive as they normally do, now in the presence of a peer passenger. Measures of risky driving were: standard deviation of lateral lane position (SDLP), collisions with road hazards, speeding, and red light running. The results showed: (1) that peer presence can have negative (‘risk increasing’) but also positive (‘protective’) effects on driving performance, depending on the specific driving measure: whereas red light running increased, the number of collisions and SDLP decreased with peer passengers; (2) a moderating effect of inhibitory control on the peer passenger effect of speeding as (a) in a sub-group with low inhibitory control an increase in speeding occurred with peers, while (b) in a sub-group with high inhibitory control there was no effect of peers on speeding. This suggests that those with higher inhibitory control are more successful in resisting peer pressure.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263060</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>What Makes a Good Passenger? From Teen Drivers’ Perspectives</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263059</link>
      <description><![CDATA[An exploratory study was designed to examine male and female teenage drivers’ perceptions and expectations of peer passengers. Qualitative methods were used to interview and survey 16- and 17-year-old licensed drivers. 10 interviewees and 96 survey respondents were included in the analysis. Consistent with previous studies, teenage drivers were concerned about passenger-related distractions. There were noticeable differences between males and females in their perceptions of peer behaviors: females most expected passengers to be non-distracting and polite and males most expected passengers to behave maturely. Future studies should focus on social factors and the psychosocial function of driving for better understanding of the peer passenger  interactions, and ultimately the development of passenger-related crash prevention efforts.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263059</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>On-Road Evaluation of Driver Capability: A Medical Record Review of the Adaptive Driving Program</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263066</link>
      <description><![CDATA[a) The purpose of the present study was to illustrate how driver capability could be measured based on the presence of assistance during on-road evaluation. As an objective, this study explored the potential of a new method to measure declines in driver independence (steering/braking assistance) and safety (driving cues) for driver fitness determinations. b) A study at the Adaptive Driving Program (ADP) was conducted through a medical record review of 132  clients served in 2009. Following creation of an enumerated list of unique errors committed in baseline driving sessions, follow-up analysis focused on the association between assistance during on-road evaluation and case outcomes. The analysis also involved associations between assistance and five classes of errors reported among all clients. c) Findings showed that the proposed measures of driver independence and safety were associated with 90% of clients that did not pass on-road evaluation and a majority of errors related to tracking vehicle position within a lane. Though documented assistance showed low association to four out of five classes of errors, the potential for detection of these assisted-events may be 60-80% of all errors in each class except for lane changes.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:46 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263066</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Can Intermittent Video Sampling Capture Individual Differences in Naturalistic Driving?</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263044</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors examined the utility and validity of intermittent video samples from black box devices for capturing individual difference variability in real-world driving performance in an ongoing study of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and community controls. Three types of video clips were coded for several dimensions of interest to driving research including safety, exposure, and driver state. The preliminary findings indicated that clip types successfully captured variability along targeted dimensions such as highway vs. city driving, driver state such as distraction and sleepiness, and safety. Sleepiness metrics were meaningfully associated with adherence to PAP (positive airway pressure) therapy. OSA patients who were PAP adherent showed less sleepiness and less  non-driving related gaze movements than nonadherent patients. Simple differences in sleepiness did not readily translate to improvements in driver safety, consistent with epidemiologic evidence to date.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263044</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Driver Distraction through Conversation Measured with Pupillometry</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263065</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Assessing a driver´s mental workload during tasks that are not visual-manual is a challenging endeavor. Especially with the rapid development of speech systems, this is becoming increasingly important. Pupillometry promises to be a suitable physiological measurement method, sensitive to variations of cognitive workload. This driving simulator study shows that the pupillometry data  indicate a significant increase in cognitive activity during conversation tasks regardless of the acoustic channel used.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263065</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Predicting Older Adults’ On-Road Driving Performance</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263070</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The authors examined the predictive utility of the Roadwise Review and the Hazard Perception Test on a standardized driving assessment using both conventional and alternative scoring criteria in a sample of health older adults (N= 57). The results indicate that both tests can predict passing or failing the road evaluation. The Hazard Perception Test was more consistent in predicting total  points and hazardous errors in on-road performance. Future research should examine the predictive validity of these tests in cognitively impaired drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 24 Sep 2013 09:13:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1263070</guid>
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