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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>WINTER MAINTENANCE IN EUROPE - PRACTICE AND RESEARCH</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644118</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effective snow and ice control is an important service for national governments, in order to ensure as far as possible, that road users can travel safely and with minimum disruption in cold and severe climatic conditions,  Since national and European road networks have developed substantially over recent decades, so too has the need for innovative snow and ice control techniques and processes.  Practices, standards, level of equipment differ among European countries depending on national government and climatic zones.  The European Commission project entitled COST Action 344: "Improvements to snow and ice control on European roads and bridges" is an exchange platform between 19 European Countries.  This three year project began in 1999 and is part of COST Transport "Research for sustainable mobility". The paper describes the project that will provide improvements in the area of program management, quality of operation for planning, operational practice, less harmful anti-icing products and spreading controls, measures to treat modern surfaces and better driver information.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644118</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>PERFORMANCE AUDIT METHOD FOR WINTER MAINTENANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644964</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The primary purpose of road winter maintenance is to improve the safety of road users.  Although road traffic accidents (RTAs) will always occur, regardless of weather conditions or the level of maintenance afforded a network, the incidence of RTAs on roads by ice, frost or snow should be reduced by the undertaking of preventative and reactionary winter maintenance. All English trunk roads are part of a network that is subject to precautionary salting operations in advance of adverse conditions arising by way of ice, frost, or snow.  A road network subject to a well planned and well implemented winter maintenance system should exhibit fewer winter weather related RTAs than one on which the system is less effective.  There is a need for a simple performance audit method that measures the consequences and value of correct and incorrect decisions to salt roads.  This paper suggests that verification statistics can be used to measure the performance of highway agencies and private consultants or who ever decides when roads should be salted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644964</guid>
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      <title>FUTURE RESEARCH TOPICS RELATED TO ROAD WEATHER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644965</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper describes the results of Task Group 4 "Future research of the COST 344 action "Improvements to Snow and Ice Control on European Roads and Bridges".  The main objective of the COST 344 action was to establish and improve the content and performance of snow and ice control methods and operations by defining the requirements and specifying best practice across the European Union and other COST member states.  In all, 19 countries have signed the Memorandum of understanding of the COST 344 action. The objectives of the task group on future research were: to identify short-, medium- and long term research issues and topics related to road traffic and infrastructure in the winter time, and to identify those topics with optimum expected benefits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644965</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>INTEGRATED MODEL APPROACH TO FORECAST SNOW DRIFTS, SNOW COVER AND SURFACE PROPERTIES IN ALPINE TERRAIN AND ON ROADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644966</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research developed a modelling system that combines wind field simulation with snow drift analysis and distributed snow cover simulation. Some preliminary results of model runs are presented.  Further studies are in progress to couple the system with an energy balance model and a meteorological forecast model in order to allow predictions of snow distribution in complex terrain and of the snow cover development.  Moreover, adequate visualization tools are being developed.  While the primary goal of this work is to improve avalanche warning, the system can also be adapted to forecast snow conditions on roads or pavement temperatures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644966</guid>
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      <title>A HAZARD EVALUATION MODEL OF DRY SNOW AVALANCHES DUE TO HEAVY SNOWFALL</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644967</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dry snow avalanches are mainly caused by heavy snowfalls or by failure of weak layers in the snowpacks.  Stability index of snow can indicate the possibility of the occurrences of dry snow avalanches.  This paper shows a model to calculate  the stability index of new snow by fewer elements of meteorological data.  It also shows the model can provide the time series and spatial distributions of the stability index in an extensive area.  The model is only for the dry snow avalanches caused by heavy snowfall.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644967</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AVALANCHE RELEASE HAZARD MAP</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644968</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Avalanche hazard map that is an indispensable tool in order to evaluate avalanche danger was developed.  The purpose of this practical hazard map is to evaluate avalanche danger on a personal computer by applying the Geographic Information System technique to easily available data such as digital elevation model and vegetation distribution, among others.  Using this newly developed avalanche hazard map, avalanche danger assessment in the starting zone of large scale avalanche disaster that occurred in the Mt. Iwaki was successfully conducted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644968</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>COMPUTER TOOLS FROM SLF TO SUPPORT LOCAL SWISS AVALANCHE AND ROAD OFFICIALS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644969</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents computer tools and models developed at the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research  and used by authorities in charge of avalanche safety in Switzerland.  The tools are: the statistical model of local avalanche danger NXD-Lawinen which searches a data base for similar situations in the past and presents the associated avalanche activity; the snow cover model SNOWPACK, simulating the detailed structure of the snow cover; the avalanche dynamics model AVAL-ID calculating runout distances and impact pressures associated with powder and dense-flow avalanches; and the InfoBOX, an information system connecting specialists throughout Switzerland and collecting weather and snow data from different sources.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644969</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACCURATE AUTOMATIC ROAD-WEATHER FORECASTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644952</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The prediction of road weather conditions requires the production of accurate forecasts of temperature, humidity and precipitation at the road surface.  It is a big challenge to obtain sufficient forecast accuracy of the road weather in order to produce correct warnings on slippery road conditions.  This paper discusses the development of an automatic road weather forecasting system in Denmark with a goal of predicting as accurately as possible the relevant meteorological parameters such as road surface temperature, precipitation and dew point temperature 5 hours ahead.  The numerical forecast model developed is physically based on the computation of the heat budget components at the road surface.  The model requires input from an atmospheric numerical forecast model 'DMI-HIRLAM' run operationally at the Danish Meteorological Institute. Additionally, a new 3-year development project has been established in cooperation with the road authorities, based on new potential possibilities to improve cloud cover and precipitation prediction.  The paper also provides a brief introduction to the model upgrades established during the first year of the new project.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644952</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROAD WEB MARKUP LANGUAGE - XML FOR ROAD INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION ON THE NET -</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644953</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Civil Engineering Research Institute of Hokkaido has been promoting the ITS/Win Research Program for research and development of ITS technology intended for Hokkaido's cold and snowy climates.  The program has been developing XML-based Road Web Markup language (RWML).  XML is a next generation Internet language.  The R&D includes an on-demand server technology that will enable road users to access a variety of information, concerning roads, sightseeing, events, and municipal services including facilities, weather information and disaster prevention, using in-car mobile terminals of a car navigation system or Internet-accessible mobile phones.  This paper outlines the characteristics of field experiments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644953</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROAD WEATHER FORECASTS FOR A WINTER ROAD MAINTENANCE INFORMATION CENTER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644954</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In Germany, an increased number of road weather monitoring stations have been installed along the Autobahnen of the highway system since the early 1980s to monitor the weather conditions and their effect on the state of the roads.  The data of these stations is used by the German Meteorological Service to monitor actual road weather, to predict road weather conditions and to develop new forecast methods.  The quality of the road weather monitoring has varied, depending on the ability and experience of the personnel at the centers.  The interpretation of the data and of the alerts provided by the monitoring stations in connection with the weather development and predictions has often been carried out in an unsatisfactory manner, and there has been a lack of knowledge which could not be removed by additional training.  The necessity of reorganization of the road weather monitoring system and the coordination of winter road maintenance has become apparent. This paper describes how the coordination of winter road maintenance has changed in the state of Northrhine-Westfalia and its possible effects on the cooperation between the road administration and the German Meteorological Service.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644954</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ROAD WEATHER INFORMATION FOR CUSTOMERS - ICELAND</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644955</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Communications in Iceland are heavily dependent on weather conditions.  Icelandic Public Roads Administration (PRA) has recognized that information about the weather, the development of the weather, and the conditions in the public communication system must be as correct as possible in order to ensure the safety of travelers/commuters.  The PRA has strongly focused on that factor in its prioritization of projects.  The PRA's experience from these forecasts is quite good, and the service is capable of providing important information regarding the planning of winter road service as the forecasts have decreased the response and preparation time for icing prevention and snow plowing.  The beginning time of precipitation and pending icing conditions is now known with sufficient accuracy facilitating the launching of icing prevention measures before such conditions occur, as well as ensuring that the snow plowing equipment is on the road before snowing begins.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644955</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE EFFECTS OF ROAD WEATHER AND DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEMS ON ROAD USER ACCIDENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644956</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Effective snow and ice control is a vital service provided by European highway authorities in order to ensure that road users can travel safely and with minimum disruption in cold and severe climatic conditions. However, it is important that the winter maintenance service is provided at an affordable price and that Best Value is achieved with minimum environmental impact, minimum traffic disruption and with high standards of safety. This paper discusses European Commission project COST Action 344: Improvements to snow and ice control on European roads and bridges.  The project, started in April 1999, is a three-year project with participants from 18 European countries.  TRL is representing the UK Highways Agency who is responsible for the maintenance and operation of English Trunk Roads.  The focus of the paper is on the UK aim of integrating existing and evolving ITS applications into an efficient winter maintenance management system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644956</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>THE PRESENTATION OF ROAD WEATHER AND CONDITION INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC: THE RESULTS OF AN AURORA POOLED-FUND STUDY</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644957</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aurora is a consortium of agencies focused on collaborative research, evaluation, and deployment of advanced road weather information systems (RWIS) technologies.  Current membership in Aurora includes 9 state departments of transportation in the United States, the ministries of transportation in two Canadian provinces and the Swedish National Road Administration.  Aurora also works closely with a number of sections of the Federal Highway Administration in the U.S.  The paper discusses Aurora's Standardized Road Weather and Condition Presentation project and its study and report that identifies current and planned implementation of road weather and condition information dissemination systems.  Presented are some findings from the study.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644957</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>DISTRIBUTION TENDENCY OF FREEZING INDEX RELATED TO ROAD WEATHER IN THE NORTHERN DISTRICTS OF JAPAN</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644958</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Because of the difficulty of collecting weather data for a long period, common freezing index that has been used for road and other construction design is insufficient because it uses short-term data.  This paper attempts to clarify the recent weather situation by analyzing long term data by using a time series model and a spectral analysis model.  The regional characteristics of freezing index and their time series tendency are then discussed regarding the distribution law.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644958</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>FUNDAMENTAL EXPERIMENTS OF PIPE HEATING BY MEANS OF TUNNEL SPRING WATER</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/644959</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Most mountain tunnels are built to allow a short cross over pass and many tunnel entrances and exits are located at high altitudes and on steep slopes.  As a result, bridges and shady spots are often located at tunnel exits.  This, in turn, often causes accidents caused by slippery road surface during winter season. This paper discusses the use of a pipe heating system using natural energy, such as tunnel spring water and geothermal heat in the tunnel.  The Chugoku Region in the western part of Japan was targeted in this study because tunnel spring water in this region is estimated to have relatively high temperature. The study was carried out using the actual spring water at 10 deg C. The water heating experiment was further carried out with the assumption that there would not be sufficient spring water for melting the existing snow which required provision of additional water from other parts of the tunnel.  The paper presents the experimental results based on the above.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2003 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/644959</guid>
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