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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Challenges for Forensic Investigation of Airport Pavement Failures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447062</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Airport pavements are large and expensive structures that are usually rigid (cement concrete base) or flexible (asphalt concrete surface and crushed rock base) in nature. Because airport pavements are expensive, and because the operational interruption to investigate failures and repair defects is even more expensive, disputes and forensic investigations are common. However, the continuous operation of major airports often prevents pavements being closed for inspection and testing, and this significantly complicates the investigation of failures. Based on experiences over many years, the challenges associated with investigating rigid and flexible airport pavements are explored in this paper. The tendency for asphalt concrete, cement concrete, and crushed rock to change with construction, climate, age, and aircraft trafficking also makes the recovery of representative material specimens from failed pavements an issue. Finally, when materials are recovered for structural analysis of failed airport pavements, the difficulty in obtaining realistic aircraft traffic loading data, and the absence of a reliable pavement life prediction tool, makes the analysis of failed pavement structures difficult. Some of these challenges are expected to remain issues in the future.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447062</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Regulations for Condition Assessment of Parking Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447120</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Parking structures are generally exposed to harsher environments, receive less maintenance and repairs, and are more prone to overloading compared to other permanent structures, such as residential, retail, and office buildings. These factors are almost always brought up immediately after a partial or complete garage collapse. In order to reduce the risk of collapse of parking structures, several municipalities enacted rules and regulations which mandate periodic inspections of parking structures, similar to periodic inspections of certain building facades, required by many municipalities. The regulations for parking structures mandate periodic assessment of parking structures by a qualified professional engineer to identify the conditions and the required remediation methods in a report that is filed with the authorities having jurisdiction. This study provides a background on parking structure deterioration patterns, reviews regulations pertaining to the inspections of buildings, building components, and parking structures, and provides recommendations for property owners and professionals performing assessments of parking structures, based on the author’s experience in the assessment of parking structures located in the northeast part of the United States.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447120</guid>
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      <title>Assessing and Mitigating Occupational Risks for Outdoor Workers in Post-Catastrophe Urban Road Infrastructure Rebuilding</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447098</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The reconstruction of infrastructure after extensive destruction necessitates rigorous occupational risk management for outdoor workers. This study introduces a comprehensive methodology for assessing occupational risks by considering environmental factors such as noise, temperature, and air quality, encompassing chemical pollutants and dust. The authors developed a hierarchical two-level mathematical model to systematically incorporate the effects of the predominant hazardous factors through alternative scenario analysis. The model was validated in the urban roadwork areas of Kyiv, Ukraine. The model underscored the importance of dynamic control and diligent risk management, conforming to ISO 31000:2018 standards. A critical occupational risk index of 2.36 was identified for overpass repairs during high-temperature months, indicating a need for immediate intervention. Conversely, the risk index in colder months, such as November, was 2.0, which, while acceptable, highlighted the necessity for protective measures for vulnerable groups, especially those with extensive professional experience or aged over forty (40). The findings presented advance the assessment techniques for road construction workers and establish protective protocols that are proportionated to the assessed risks. This approach ensures worker safety amidst the persistent risks associated with reconstruction activities, regardless of the initial cause of destruction.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447098</guid>
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      <title>Overbilling in Urban Pavement Works—A Case Study of a City in the Brazilian Amazon</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447042</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Brazilian Federal Police investigations in the timeframe of 2013–2016 unearthed a series of construction irregularities in numerous infrastructure projects within a state in the Brazilian Amazon region. This paper delineates the array of engineering methodologies employed by Federal Criminal Experts to discern the aforementioned construction irregularities. A detailed case study of public urban pavement projects is presented, elucidating the identification of deficiencies in the thickness and quality of the pavement structure, as well as its drainage components, culminating in the premature degradation of the pavement. Beyond the scope of judicial application, this case study imparts critical insights for the enhancement of oversight in such public procurement, thereby underscoring the educational impact of forensic engineering in practice.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447042</guid>
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      <title>Post-Fire Structural Assessment Considerations of Buildings and Parking Structures</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447074</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In 2021, approximately 350,000 structure fires resulting in almost $9 billion in damage were reported in the United States. Damage to structures varies from completely destroyed to repair of a portion of the structure. The structural forensic engineer performs a post-fire structural assessment of the building structure. This assessment usually delineates the fire-related damage to the structure and provides recommendations on appropriate repairs acceptable to the local building official. This task requires a knowledge of the heat-related behavior of the materials (conventionally reinforced concrete, post-tension concrete, structural steel, and wood) used in structural components, destructive and non-destructive assessment tools, and building code requirements that would dictate the extent of the evaluation and scope of repairs. With its practical value, this paper will present a thorough literature review to document the state of the practice knowledge base of the post-fire behavior of concrete structural components. Similarly, this paper will provide an overview and commentary on commonly used destructive and non-destructive assessment techniques drawn upon industry experience and literature. Finally, case studies will be provided to walk the reader through the assessment, evaluation, building code review, and development of recommendations. In summary, the authors intend to provide a reference of the impact of exposure to heat on structural building components and the assessment, inspection tools, and techniques to assist the engineer in assessing a structure damaged by fire.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447074</guid>
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      <title>Urban Sinkholes: Geologic versus Non-Geologic Formations, Distress, and Remediation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447068</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Forensic engineers are sometimes required to evaluate apparent sinkholes in urban environments that affect properties and structures. Such “sinkholes” can be located adjacent to buildings, in pavement or parking areas, in lawn areas, or on seemingly undeveloped ground. Depending on the origin and character of such features, they may have a profound adverse impact on the performance of the building, pavement, or property in general, and may be costly to remediate. The term “sinkhole” is often misunderstood, as geologic and legal definitions go far beyond the common understanding of simple “holes in the ground.” True geologic sinkholes are defined and discussed as well as other conditions often called sinkholes by laypersons. In this presentation, the distribution of geologic areas within the continental United States conducive for sinkhole development will be discussed. Common implications relating to insurance coverage and common coverage limitations will be reviewed. Careful evaluation of site geology, topography, and identification of any active underground utilities, as well as any historic underground facilities, is essential to the proper evaluation of apparent sinkholes and the determination of their cause and origin. In those cases where field exploration is warranted, direct exploration of the subsurface conditions at apparent sinkholes through traditional geotechnical exploration methods (test pits and borings) is discussed, along with electrical resistivity tomography as a non-destructive geophysical method of evaluation. Two case histories are presented which outline procedures utilized in the evaluation of urban sinkholes. The remediation of geologic sinkholes and affected structures is also discussed.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447068</guid>
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      <title>Transbay Transit Center—Response to Fractured Girders over Roadway</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447139</link>
      <description><![CDATA[By happenstance, a fracture was discovered in the bottom flange on a girder by a construction worker installing ceiling panels. The astute worker at once alerted the contractor which started a chain of events beginning with the inspection of the girders and ending in repair 6 months later. There are lessons to be learned in responding to such events, actions to be taken, decisions to be made, and problems to solve, all requiring teamwork and a “just do it” attitude. The story is presented, and lessons for future response noted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447139</guid>
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      <title>A Checklist for the Investigation of Concrete Slab-on-Grade Cracking</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447115</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper presents a holistic approach to the investigation of cracking in concrete slabs-on-grade and pavement slabs. As a structural engineer and a forensic investigator, the author frequently deals with concrete slab cracking from the designer’s preventive point of view to the investigative perspective of a forensic investigator. To assist with the investigations, the author provides a comprehensive list of possible contributing factors to the concrete slab cracking. These can be roughly categorized into five main categories: design-related factors, such as slab configuration, thickness, reinforcement design, and joint detailing; material-related factors, such as the concrete mixture; geotechnical-related factors, such as the subbase conditions; construction-related factors, such as the concreting process and the saw cutting of slab joints; and environmental- or chemical-related factors, such as the ambient conditions and corrosion of steel reinforcement. This paper also provides some suggestions of what to look for on a site inspection, such as features of a crack that are important to the investigation, as well as key documents to review. With several examples discussed throughout, this paper aims to also help protect designers, contractors, and other relevant parties from common pitfalls.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447115</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Specialized Inspection in Post-Tensioned Bridges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447104</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Post-tensioned bridges in the United States have evolved significantly since the Walnut Lane Bridge was constructed in 1949. While still considered a relatively “new” building technology, the concept of imposing stresses on hardened concrete has been around for over 100 years. Despite their very good performance record, there have been several challenges related to corrosion of prestressing strands in these structures. This paper, which focuses on internal tendons but includes information about external tendons, presents methods to inspect these structures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447104</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Flexural Strengthening of Non-Uniformly Corroded RC Bridge Piers Using Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Layers</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447142</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In this study, a strengthening method was developed for reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers with non-uniform corrosion (NUC). Three half-scale RC bridge piers with the same dimensions and rebar arrangements were experimented under reversed cyclic loading, where an axial stress equal to 1 MPa was applied to the specimens. Two specimens were subjected to NUC, where the average corrosion ratio was 10% and the other specimen was used as a control specimen. One corroded specimen was retrofitted with 50 mm thick ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) layers. The experimental outcomes revealed that non-uniform rebar corrosion leads to a significant reduction in maximum load-carrying capacity (MLC) and ductility. The ductility and MLC were decreased by 17% and 6%, respectively, compared to the sound specimen. However, the non-uniformly corroded RC bridge pier reinforced with UHPC layers demonstrated superior structural performance in terms of the above-mentioned performance indicators, i.e., the corroded specimen strengthened with UHPC layers demonstrated 24% greater MLC than the sound specimen. Experimental results revealed that the proposed method can be very useful in strengthening non-uniformly corroded RC bridge piers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447142</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Civil Litigation and Dispute Resolution during Urban Tunnel Construction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447076</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Tunnel construction has to interact with many complex variables, both in the design phase and in the construction phase, especially in urban areas with high population density. For this reason, building a new metro line inevitably involves disputes. Even if companies have appropriate guarantees provided in the contract, the initiation of a claim normally involves a dispute, which can be resolved, through confrontation of the parties, or it can incur court proceedings. During the construction of Milan’s new subway line, Metro Blu, a great deal of effort was devoted to the management of damage complaints, induced mainly during the excavation phases and beyond. Thanks to the effort and commitment of numerous insurance companies, which supported the contractors, damage claims were collected and managed, almost always in conjunction with construction. Some disputes have been settled; others have resulted in court disputes. Although the most frequent claims have been for damage to the existing building (fractures and deformations), some disputes have involved claims for damages in relation to property rights and compensation for property expropriation. The authors expose two case histories of recurring disputes involving the construction of the new subway line, with the aim of reflecting on the patterns of large-scale litigation.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447076</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Failure of Bridges with Full-Depth Precast Concrete Deck Systems</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447103</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Accelerated bridge construction methods for building and rehabilitating bridges have many economic and social merits. In this context, the use of composite steel plate girder bridges with precast concrete deck planks has gained popularity considering their ease of construction, rapid installment, relatively low cost, and weight. Meanwhile, reported failure cases of this system after a limited service life have raised concerns about its long-term performance and durability. Recent studies showed that long-term performance can be negatively affected by factors overlooked by regular designers. The design of full-depth precast concrete (FDPC) deck systems includes many components: FDPC deck panel, longitudinal and transverse joints, and shear pockets, leading to a variety of choices with no clear guidelines. Deterioration of joints between precast deck planks can lead to gradual loss of composite action, causing steel sections to be subjected to stress levels not considered in the original design. This study numerically investigates the reasons behind recorded failure cases of the system and explores design and construction procedures that can enhance long-term performance. A finite-element model of a composite steel girder bridge using precast deck panels was established. Considered parameters include the use of haunch, post-tensioning, and bracing types. The results revealed that following current design specifications does not preclude failure within the service life. Accordingly, recommendations for best design and construction practices, considering long-term bridge performance, are provided based on the study’s results.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447103</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Post-Tensioning Deterioration in Buildings and Garages: Investigations and Repair Techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447144</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Post-tensioned (PT) buildings in the United States have evolved significantly since the early 1900s. Whether they are paper-wrapped, parallel multi-wire button head, or HDPE-sheathed tendons, these systems have their own unique challenges when it comes to distress and deterioration. During typical investigations of existing buildings exhibiting PT distress, it is not uncommon to have minimal design and installation information available. In addition, access to these components can be limited by structural geometry and interior finishes, so gathering high-quality, comprehensive information can be challenging. Investigators must balance information limitations, structural requirements, client disruptions, and budgetary constraints when specifying repairs. This paper presents several common PT systems for buildings, methods to assess them, and corresponding repair strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 25 Nov 2024 10:31:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447144</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Structural Safety, Efficiency, and Expressiveness</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Structural designers should integrate material strength, structural safety, economy, and elegance into one excellent project, especially for the one that is extremely visible to the public. Efficient and expressive forms would help the public learn the possibilities of changing our nation’s visual facilities into safe and economic landmarks. However, structural failures or near-miss collapses turned the public’s attention to expressive structures’ structural safety due to the cracking in a steel tie girder of the I-40 bridge over the Mississippi River in 2021 and the pedestrian bridge’s collapse in Miami in 2018. Through a failure case study on the 2018 Miami pedestrian bridge collapse, this paper discusses structural engineers’ responsibilities in creating a safe and durable structure with a great visual appeal, disciplined by the conservation of construction materials and costs, exploring structural engineers’ roles in addressing challenges posed by unique and innovative designs, and following ASCE’s Code of Ethics for engineers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Nov 2024 09:36:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>It’s 2024: Do You Know What’s Going on under Your Sidewalk: Subgrade Column Corrosion in Mid-Rise Steel Office Buildings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447163</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Model building codes recognize and address the corrosive effects of de-icing salts on garages and infrastructure with various provisions for corrosion protection. The threat to non-vehicular structures is less widely recognized. Mid-century, steel-framed mid-rise commercial buildings in the Northeast, which have first-floor setbacks exposing perimeter columns to plaza de-icing salts, present a comparatively high risk of structural failure due to advanced corrosion at exterior column bases. This paper presents a case study of structural failure in one such building and identifies the relevant architectural and structural characteristics. This paper then frames the potential for similar failures through a regional examination of commercial building stock and consideration of trends in commercial development, the usage of de-icing salts, and model code development in the mid-to-late twentieth century, arguing for increased awareness and vigilance among stakeholders.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 19 Nov 2024 09:36:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2447163</guid>
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