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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Vessel Noise, Ecological Costs, and Sustainable Pathways for China's Blue Economy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2691573</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rapid expansion of maritime transport, offshore engineering, and coastal industrialization has positioned China's blue economy as a central pillar of national economic growth, yet it has simultaneously intensified underwater vessel noise as a pervasive and largely unpriced environmental externality. This study provides an integrated assessment of vessel-generated underwater noise, its ecological costs, and sustainable mitigation pathways within the context of China's blue economy development. Drawing on acoustic propagation theory, vessel traffic density analysis, and ecosystem-based impact assessment, the study synthesizes how chronic and acute noise exposures affect marine mammals, fish, and benthic communities through behavioral disruption, habitat displacement, impaired communication, and reduced reproductive success. Ecological costs are conceptualized using an extended ecosystem services framework that links noise-induced biological impacts to losses in fisheries productivity, biodiversity resilience, and coastal socio-economic welfare. Building on this analysis, the paper evaluates a portfolio of sustainable pathways, including quiet ship design, speed optimization, spatial planning of shipping lanes, seasonal traffic management, and market-based instruments such as green port incentives and differentiated harbor fees. The findings highlight that integrating underwater noise governance into marine spatial planning and blue finance mechanisms can significantly reduce ecological risks while maintaining the economic competitiveness of China's maritime sectors. By framing vessel noise as a measurable environmental cost rather than an unavoidable byproduct of growth, this study contributes a policy-relevant pathway for aligning marine ecological protection with the long-term sustainability objectives of China's blue economy.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:13 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Circular economy - retrofitting fossil fuel passenger vehicles to el-hybrid</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534313</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This pre-study addresses the critical issue of global warming attributed to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature, primarily fueled by the release of greenhouse gases, particularly from fossil fuel-powered vehicles. Urban traffic contributes significantly to global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, emphasizing the urgency for carbon-neutral mobility solutions. Fossil fuel vehicles, reliant on non-renewable resources, adversely impact the environment through resource depletion, air pollution, and geopolitical challenges. This pre-study research deals with the environmental challenges posed by these existing and used vehicles, including noise pollution, oil leaks, and non-exhaust emissions. The focus then shifts to Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) as a promising alternative. HEVs, incorporating both internal combustion engines and electric propulsion systems, offer improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. The research categorizes HEVs into micro, mild, full, and plug-in hybrids, each with varying levels of electrification and fuel savings. In addition, advantages of HEVs include enhanced fuel efficiency, regenerative braking systems, and lower emissions. The study details the different configurations of hybrid vehicles, such as parallel, series, and power split hybrids, highlighting their adaptability, improved efficiency, and driving range compared to traditional vehicles.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534313</guid>
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      <title>Data enabling digital ecosystem for sustainable shared electric mobility-as-a-service in smart cities-an innovative business model perspective</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269037</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Increase in urbanization drives the need for municipalities to make mobility more efficient, both to address climate goals as well as creating a smart living environment for citizens, with less noise congestion, and pollution. As vehicles are being electrified, further advances will be needed to meet social, environmental, and economic sustainability targets, and a more efficient use of vehicles and public transport is central in this endeavor. Accordingly, Electric Mobility as a Service (eMaaS) has developed as a concept with the potential to increase sustainability mobility in cities and been designated as a phenomenon with potential to radically change how people move in the future. But presently there is the lack of a common business model that supports complex integration of all actors, digital technologies, and infrastructures involved in the eMaaS business ecosystem. This study aims to support the further development of eMaaS by providing a state of the art of eMaaS and further proposes a digital ecosystem as a business model for eMaaS sharing in smart cities. Accordingly, a systematic literature review was adopted grounded on secondary data from the literature to offers a new approach to urban mobility and demonstrate the suitability of the eMaaS concept in smart communities. The digital ecosystem is designed based on system design approach. Findings from this study provides a sustainable policy perspective, discusses the challenges and opportunities towards the development of eMaaS and its impact on electrification of vehicles. Overall, findings from this study considers the role of electric vehicles as part of the mobility sharing economy. Recommendations from this study provides designs and strategies for eMaaS, the interrelations between eMobility and other everyday practices, strategically highlighting the positive benefits of eMaaS and broader policies to limit private car usage in cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 07 Nov 2023 10:22:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2269037</guid>
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      <title>Reducing the Impact of Vehicles on the Environment by the Modernization of Transport Infrastructure</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974704</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Along with a positive impact on the economy and social development, motorization has negative consequences, including noise pollution and air pollution from the exhaust gases of the urban environment by vehicles. The state of transport infrastructure and management systems has a significant impact on the parameters of traffic flows and the degree of their impact on the environment. Therefore, the development and applying of science-based methods for improving the road traffic management efficiency in urban areas by up-grading infrastructure facilities in difficult road network sections is an actual problem and is of considerable theoretical and practical interest. The article analyzed the problem areas of the road network of two large cities, similar in scale and planning solution, but with a certain specificity. The authors built simulation models of problem road sections based on a discrete-event approach using a traffic library. Computer experiments on the model showed that the data obtained is consistent with the results of field surveys. Propositions for the reconstruction of these sections were proposed Performing a computer experiment on a model with new parameters showed that in these areas there is considerable potential for improving parameters of the traffic flow, which will help to reduce the negative effect on the environment.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Oct 2023 09:15:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1974704</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Airport operations with electric-powered towing alternatives under stochastic conditions</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2146926</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Air transportation has become a common travelling medium for ordinary public in most regions around the world since the deregulation of civil aviation in the US in 1978. While the global economy and the ordinary people have benefited from the growing air-transportation, the negative impacts of such change have not gone unnoticed. Today, civil aviation is a significant contributor to several environmental issues such as conflict with wildlife, noise pollution, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GGE). The civil aviation industry is responsible for 2–3% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the world. Moreover, the emissions at airports have an even more significant impact on the local population and the surrounding environment. It is estimated that a typical airplane consumes between 4% and 7% of its fuel for ground operations. The GGE released by airports is not only contributing to global warming, but also impacting the health of local communities living next to airports. Accordingly, this paper discusses operational and technological improvements at airports with the objective of minimizing the negative impact of airports on the environment. First, electrification of taxiing operations is discussed. Next, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model which aims at assigning electric powered tow-tractors for airplanes to complete taxiing operations with minimum jet-fuel usage is introduced. The impact of stochastic conditions on the taxiing operations has been discussed and the impact of traffic density has been incorporated in the model. Finally, an optimum number of tow-tractor purchase strategy is recommended for airports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 20 Apr 2023 17:18:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2146926</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment (ESIA) of Port of Montreal's terminal in Contrecoeur</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071862</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Given their central role in global supply chains, ports are instruments of national trade. With a significant gross domestic product (GDP) linked to foreign trade, Canada is a country whose economy relies heavily on international trade, supported by a complex national logistics network, where ports play a gateway role. The Port of Montreal’s position is strategic and benefits the entire Canadian economy. To meet growing demand, the Montreal Port Authority (MPA) will develop a new suburban terminal by expanding the Contrecoup port terminal to handle 1.15 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) per year. When the terminal reaches its full capacity, two ships will be able to dock at the same time, one to two trains per day will use the national rail system in eastern Canada, and 1,200 trucks will transit through it on a daily basis. SNC-Lavalin’s Environment team was mandated to carry out the environmental and social impacts assessment (ESIA) of the project and advise the MPA in the development of alternatives and measures that will address the environmental problem. An analysis of the environmental effects, sources of impacts, prevention, mitigation and compensation measures was carried out for the physical, biological and human environment, thus minimizing the impact on the quality and value of ecological components. Some 50 professionals and leading experts worked on such topics as atmospheric dispersion modelling, the noise environment, the project’s effects on container trucking, and rail and marine traffic. This project demonstrates the importance of environmental impact assessments and how they contribute to environmental protection and improvement. An environmental and social management plan was established to prevent and mitigate environmental and social impacts. A report of all mitigation measures and commitments is a reminder of how the MPA plans to carry out the project. The main sources of impact, the various mitigation measures and commitments are grouped by type of environment, valued component, and project phase.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 29 Nov 2022 14:17:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2071862</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Development of a Reliable Method for General Aviation Flight Phase Identification</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2005889</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Aircraft operations statistics have typically received significant attention from U.S. airport owners and operators and state, local, and federal agencies. Accurate operational data is beneficial in assessing airports’ performance efficiency and impact on the environment, but operational statistics at nontowered general aviation airports are, for the most part, limited or not available. However, the increasing availability and economy of capturing and processing Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) data shows promise for improving accessibility to a wide variety of information about the aircraft operating in the vicinity of these airports. Using machine learning technology, specific operational details can be decoded from ADS-B data. This paper aims to develop a reliable and economical method for general aviation aircraft flight phase identification, thereby leading to improved noise and emissions models, which are foundational to addressing many public concerns related to airports.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 05 Oct 2022 16:54:05 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2005889</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Highly Efficient Civil Aviation, Now via Operations - AAR and Challenges</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571344</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Global civil aviation growth at 5+% yearly poses extreme environmental challenges. Advances have appeared gradually through improved aerodynamic shapes, using carbon fibres, and enhanced engines; however, as these technologies mature, direct efficiency advances require increasing effort. Often Passenger convenience is forgotten e.g. the long-range air traffic has developed on hub-spoke basis implying extra feeder flights, transit passenger inconveniences, capacity issues.         Efficiency metrics emphasize “Why, How & What”, with an understanding of the range sensitivities, operational concepts and performance goals via the important “X-factor”. For given range, current aircraft are “greener” than previous generations. Medium range aircraft s are always greener than those for short or long ranges. However, currently, the major trend is for the latter: twin-aisle A350, A380, B787, B777X (10+% payload, 40+% fuel to MTOW). Shorter range single-aisle aircraft are “feeders” or newer derivatives: A320, B737 class (20+% payload, 20+% fuel to MTOW).         New technologies could feature in future e.g. Natural Laminar flow, riblets, enhanced loads allevation, composite tailoring, morphing structures, distributed propulsion, bio-fuels etc. These may make significant improvements and lead to unconventional layouts e.g. blended wing bodies, high aspect ratio wings, oblique wings, and joined wings. Additionally, significant environmental gains can be made via operations e.g. AAR and Formation flying.         Air-to-air refuelling (AAR) has been practised and perfected by the Military for 80+ years. Tankers are sky “gas- stations”. The Military objective is for mission success rather than fuel economy. Tankers accompany and refuel short- range aircraft over longer missions. AAR can be a strong enabler for the civil aviation. Small dedicated tankers (A320 size) can operate over short radii, refuelling longer range cruisers. AAR will always retain top hierarchy over any technological advances, offering step change towards highly efficient aviation. We discuss the pros and cons of operational issues, routing and constraints, turbulence, air navigation and environmental impact.         Replacing today´s inter-continental system with AAR gives fuel and CO2 reductions of 15-30% depending on range. Additionally, 30-40% weight savings lead manufacturers focus on smaller aircraft. Major COC and DOC reductions of a similar order occur. Noise, emissions, wake effects are favourable, meeting ACARE/NASA goals. A by-product is that laminar-flow aircraft introduction can be eased.         Increasing AAR benefits occur as Point A to B system replaces the hub--spoke system. The smaller AAR-cruisers imply ground-based opportunities: smaller airports and new connections, easing the transit passenger handling and reducing travel time. For sustainable aviation growth and future urbanisation, short flights are replaced by other means. The capacity relief becomes available for long flights (only aviation is suitable). Maintaining transport capacity, less AAR enabled cruisers are needed; these operate at 20+% payload to MTOW. More likely is that the total airborne mass is lower.         Certification and Operational rules will need revision. New tankers or other types modified from civil aircraft respect most CS-25 regulations. We aim for automatic refuelling (as demonstrated by A330 tanker recently and as in US-UCAV programme). We allude to newer versatile twin-aisle cruisers with differing capacities operating world-wide ranges with AAR, blending with formation flying. All this should “spur/re-vitalise” Aviation. We propose practical demonstrations. A game changer in sight!       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 31 Dec 2018 09:05:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1571344</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reducing Truck Emissions and Improving Truck Fuel Economy via Intelligent Transportation System Technologies</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1573556</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The aim of this project is to use intelligent transportation system (ITS) technologies that take into account the presence of trucks in the traffic flow, in order to improve impact on the environment by reducing fuel consumption and pollution levels in areas where the truck volume is relatively high. The work is divided into two parts. In the first part, the authors propose an integrated variable speed limit (VSL), ramp metering (RM) and lane change (LC) controller using feedback linearization. The proposed integrated controller keeps the bottleneck flow at the maximum level and homogenizes the density and speed of the traffic flow along the highway sections. This improvement of the traffic flow characteristics lead to improved fuel economy and reduction in tailpipe emissions of both trucks and passenger vehicles. In order to evaluate the performance of the integrated traffic controller, a microscopic traffic simulation network of the I-710 highway, which is connected to the Ports of Long Beach/Los Angeles and has high truck volume, is developed. The authors use Monte-Carlo traffic flow simulations to demonstrate that the integrated traffic controller can generate consistent improvements with respect to travel time, safety, fuel economy and emissions under different traffic conditions. In the second part, they compared the proposed feedback linearization controller with the widely-used model predictive traffic controller in terms of performance and robustness with respect to perturbations on traffic demand, model parameters and measurement noise. Results show that both controllers are able to improve the total time spent, which leads to improvements in fuel economy and emissions, under different levels of perturbation and noise. The feedback linearization controller however, guarantees good performance and robustness properties than the model predictive controller with much less computational effort.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 27 Dec 2018 15:43:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1573556</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Measuring the noise cost of aviation – The association between the Limited Use Area around Warsaw Chopin Airport and property values</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502195</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The interactions between air transport activities, airport location, local society and the regional economy are of great importance in policy decisions. Air traffic growth enhances the development of the economy and brings benefits to users. On the other hand, negative externalities are borne to great extent by the local community. Sustainable development policy requires all the effects caused by the provision of air services to be included in a comprehensive assessment of air transport activities. The objectives of this study were to discuss the role of air transport development policy as an instrument for sustainable development, investigate the external costs of aviation with particular emphasis on the effect of Limited Use Area (LUA) related to aviation noise on the local community, and estimate to what degree this impact stabilizes over a period of time. The social cost of noise was evaluated through a complementary market, namely a change in the value of properties located in an area affected by airport activities. Hedonic price modelling was applied to evaluate the association between the LUA being established on the basis of the actual and predicted noise related to the operation of the Warsaw Chopin Airport, the largest airport in Poland, and housing prices in Warsaw. The estimates suggested that the impact of aviation noise on land use policy had implications for the housing market. The results of the study showed that aviation noise was negatively associated with the price value of apartments in multifamily buildings. However, the degree of this association changed over time. After policy intervention and the official implementation of the actual LUA around Warsaw Airport in 2011, the decrease in the price value of dwellings located within the LUA was stronger.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 May 2018 09:21:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1502195</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Practical Design Considerations for Lightweight Windshield Applications</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461576</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Automotive manufacturers are requiring lightweight materials, including glazing materials to improve vehicle fuel economy mandates. Since windshields are one of the largest glazing surface areas, reducing the thickness of the glass in its construction can significantly provide weight savings opportunities. Automotive glazing design considerations must include overall glass strength, rigidity, acoustical, and solar performance, which are affected by changes of glass thicknesses. This paper will evaluate those design considerations in the lightweighting of windshield glazings.         One important design consideration for the windshield position is the impact of debris from the environment. Lightweighting of glazings in this body position affects the way the construction reacts to an impact. Use of asymmetry in glass plies in a laminated construction can have a marked effect on the part’s impact performance and surface damage creation. Various lightweight glazing constructions will be analyzed, and based upon basic strength and stiffness, the probability of failure from stone impact in parts per million is predicted from a statistical model. Further testing and analysis will be done to demonstrate lifetime effects in windshield glazings with respect to stone impacts will be discussed.         As a glazing part becomes thinner, the material choices have an impact on light transmission and solar performance. In order to maintain light transmission compliance (70%, with light illuminant “A” in the United States) and solar performance at comparable levels to standard products, enhanced material choices in glass composition, PVB composition, and coating technologies will be evaluated.         Additionally, as a glazing part becomes thinner, more exterior sound is transferred through the construction. This effect can be managed with acoustical interlayers at higher frequencies through constrained layer damping. Design considerations for the relative thickness of glass plies in the construction of the windshield will be evaluated and optimal construction options presented.       ]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 13 Jun 2017 09:34:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1461576</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Information Sharing in Last Mile Distribution – Lessons Learned from a Pilot in Oslo</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1329765</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Urban areas represent particular challenges for freight transport, both in terms of logistical performance and environmental impacts (emissions, noise, accidents, congestion and land use). Urban freight is indispensable for the city’s economy but at the same time freight deliveries significantly affect the attractiveness and quality of urban life. Urban freight transport represents between 20 to 25% of road space contributing to between 10 to 20% of urban road traffic. STRAIGHTSOL (Strategies and measures for smarter urban freight solutions) is one of several projects co-financed by European Commission that study urban-interurban interfaces and last mile distribution promoting efficient and sustainable solutions for urban-interurban shipments and urban logistics. This is expected to be achieved through: (1) The development of a new impact assessment framework for measures applied to urban-interurban freight transport interfaces. (2) The support of a set of innovative field demonstrations showcasing improved urban-interurban freight operations in Europe. (3) The application of the impact assessment framework to the live demonstrations and develop specific recommendations for future freight policies and measures. More information on STRAIGHTSOL is available from www.straightsol.eu. In this paper the authors focus on one of the STRAIGHTSOL demonstrations that took place in Oslo in 2012 and was organised by GS1 Norway. In the demonstration it was shown how automatic data capturing, standardisation and sharing of event information associated with freight transport makes it possible to harmonize urban transport to achieve environmental and economic benefits.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 2014 16:02:03 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1329765</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Noise and emissions in air transportation</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1265057</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The economy of a country may be notably stimulated by air transportation spillover effects. However, a negative environmental impact may be observed due to increases in noise and aircraft engine emissions. This work aims at discussing how some countries have dealt with such relevant issues. In order to reduce aircraft noise, some governments and aeronautical authorities have created differential fares and quotas for landing and taking-off procedures, according to different types of aircraft. This norm has demanded additional investments from airlines, especially on technology and aircraft renewal. ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) has suggested reducing engine emissions by implanting a carbon trade and authorizing the selling of quotas to those airlines which are not so interested in achieving such goals. The fact is that the ratio of air traffic increase and its environmental effect must be reasonably balanced. It may take some time and great efforts from aeronautical authorities to reach acceptable levels of noise and engine emissions produced by aircraft. And even thought there are important actions being taken by some countries in order to find solutions for this problem, other States, including Brazil, have not taken any significant role yet, as can be observed on the comparative tables presented by this work.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 22 Oct 2013 11:29:14 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1265057</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Long Term Accessibility and Sustainability in the Port of Rotterdam</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1106539</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The accessibility in the Port of Rotterdam is of major importance for the regional and national economy. The planned port extension, the “Second Maasvlakte”, will contribute to an expected growth in transport via the Port of Rotterdam. For example, the Rotterdam Port authority expects a growth in container transshipment from 11 million Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) in 2008 to 33 million TEU in 2033. This will result in an increase in traffic demand which threatens the accessibility of the Rotterdam port area. In addition, it can also severely reduce the sustainability in the port area in terms of air quality, noise levels and external safety. Contrary to most traditional ex ante impact studies, this study combined impact studies with a participatory stakeholder approach. The stakeholders were actively involved in all project phases including the design of a package of measures. The results of the impact studies show that if all measures, as already planned in the environmental impact study for the port extension, are realized, there will be hardly any bottlenecks in the traffic network in the area. In particular infrastructural measures and road pricing have the largest effects on traffic. The package of measures, as developed with the stakeholders results in a substantial reduction of traffic. Even without the infrastructural measures comparable results can be obtained by a large set of alternative measures. Furthermore, this study found that air quality will not be as challenging in the long term as it is now.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 20 Jul 2011 07:24:11 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1106539</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Analyse der Auswirkungen eines staedtischen Strassenbenuetzungsgebuehrensystems auf Verkehrsverhalten, Umwelt und Volkswirtschaft</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/961225</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Untersucht wurden die Wirkungen eines staedtischen Strassenbenutzungsgebuehrensystems hinsichtlich Verkehrsverhalten, Umwelt und Volkswirtschaft in der oesterreichischen Stadt Graz. Das untersuchte System umfasst die Einhebung einer Gebuehr an der Stadtgrenze in Kombination mit Parkraumbewirtschaftung, Verbesserung des oeffentlichen Verkehrs und des staedtischen Radverkehrsnetzes. Aufbauend auf einer umfassenden Verkehrsverhaltensuntersuchung wurden verschiedene Szenarien mit unterschiedlichen Gebuehrenstufen und Bonusystemen modelliert und durch Hochrechnung auf die gesamte Stadt projeziert. Weiters wurden logistische Regressionsmodelle fuer die Teilschritte Verkehrsmittelwahl, Zielwahl und Wegevermeidung sowie eine Kombination dieser Schritte in Form eines multinominalen Modells entwickelt. In einer Zeitwertanalyse wird der Einfluss des "Wertes der Zeit" auf die Verkehrsmittelwahl diskutiert. Die Auswirkung eines staedtischen Mautsystems auf die Raumplanung wird durch eine Variation der Mautkordongroesse beruecksichtigt. Eine Strassenbenutzungsgebuehr wuerde zu einer beachtlichen Verlagerung Richtung oeffentlicher Verkehr und in kleinerem Umfang Richtung nichtmotorisiertem Verkehr fuehren. 15 Prozent der Pkw-Fahrer wuerden auf den oeffentlichen Verkehr umsteigen, bis zu 3 Prozent auf den nichtmotorisierten Verkehr, 9 Prozent wuerden auf den Weg verzichten und 11 Prozent wuerden durch die Aenderung der Route die Gebuehrenzone vermeiden, was negative Auswirkungen auf die Geschaefte und Lokale der Innenstadt haben koennte. Je hoeher die Gebuehr, desto staerker fallen die Reaktionen und Verlagerungen aus. Vom Standpunkt der Verkehrsplanung hat die Gebuehreneinhebung im ganzen Stadtgebiet im Vergleich zu jener allein in der Innenstadt wenig Wirkung auf die Verkehrsmittelwahl. Die Berechnung aller relevanten Wirkungen zeigt Verbesserungen beim Verkehrsfluss und eine Verringerung des Energieverbrauchs von bis zu 24 Prozent. In Verbindung mit der Verbesserung des Verkehrsflusses und des geringeren Kraftstoffverbrauchs kommt es zu einer starken Abnahme der Fahrzeugemissionen. Die Verkehrssicherheit wird signifikant erhoeht, es kann von einer Verringerung der Verkehrsunfaelle von bis zu 17 Prozent ausgegangen werden. Reduziert wird weiters der Verkehrslaerm. Eine volkswirtschaftliche Kostenersparnis zwischen 300 und 760 Millionen Schilling jaehrlich waere zu erwarten. (KfV/A)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 07 Oct 2010 17:57:33 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/961225</guid>
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