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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Impact of the transportation organisation integration policy at Ningbo-Zhoushan Port using the double machine learning difference-in-differences model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640679</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In December 2019, Ningbo-Zhoushan Port introduced a transportation organisation integration policy to enhance navigation safety and operational efficiency. To assess the policy's impact on vessel navigation safety and efficiency, this paper employs the double machine learning difference-in-differences model, using weighted accidents, weighted incidents, and average waiting time as indicators, to conduct an empirical analysis on three ports within Zhejiang Province and 17 coastal ports across the country. Results show that the θ₀ coefficients for three indicators were -0.276, -0.314, and -0.523, respectively, all statistically significant at the 1% or 5% levels. These findings indicate that the policy significantly improved both navigational safety and efficiency, with the most pronounced effect observed in reducing vessel waiting time. This highlights the policy's stronger impact on efficiency, as reflected by the larger magnitude of the corresponding coefficient. The findings provide robust empirical support for integrated maritime traffic management and inform future policy development.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 09:47:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640679</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Air tourism as a driver of coastal and ferry transport demand in Greece: A quantitative assessment</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640932</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines the relationship between international air tourist arrivals and coastal and ferry passenger transport in Greece in 2010–2024. Coastal passenger transport refers to longer-distance island–mainland and inter-island services, while ferry passenger transport concerns short shuttle crossings. Using annual data, with an additional distinction between high and low season, we apply Pearson and Spearman correlations, ordinary least squares regression, and independent-samples t-tests. We find a strong and statistically significant positive association between international air tourist arrivals and coastal passenger traffic. Regression estimates indicate that an additional one million international air tourist arrivals is accompanied, on average, by about 0.30–0.35 million extra coastal passengers, with stronger effects in the high season. For ferry passenger transport, correlations are positive but regression coefficients are not statistically significant and the residuals show persistent autocorrelation, even after first-difference models, so these results are treated as descriptive only and not used for effect-size or policy claims. The t-tests indicate that coastal passenger volumes in high-arrival years are about 3.1–3.2 million higher than in low-arrival years, whereas differences in ferry traffic remain small and statistically insignificant. On this basis, we argue that international air arrivals play an important role in shaping demand for coastal shipping, particularly on longer routes and on services to islands without airports. We also outline how this relationship can be used in the coordination of flight and ship schedules, in the prioritisation of port and fleet investments, and in measures that aim to improve connectivity and support sustainable tourism development in Greece’s island regions.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 16:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2640932</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Outsourcing strategies for pilotage and towage Operations: A grounded theory approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644114</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Ports serve as critical gateways to global trade, and their efficiency directly affects national economic performance. Among core port operations, pilotage and towage services ensure safe and efficient vessel movements, forming essential components of maritime logistics. Given the growing complexity of port operations and the increasing role of private sector participation, outsourcing these services has become a strategic policy concern. This study aims to develop a grounded, context-specific framework for outsourcing pilotage and towage operations within the Iranian port system. Employing a qualitative grounded theory approach, fifteen in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers of the Ports and Maritime Organization, private service providers, and shipping companies. Data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding using NVIVO software. The findings led to the development of a multi-layered paradigm model integrating causal, contextual, and intervening conditions that influence outsourcing strategies, including decisions on full versus partial outsourcing, regional versus cluster-based allocation, and non-profit versus for-profit contractors. The results indicate that successful outsourcing depends on aligning private sector maturity, regulatory clarity, and financial incentives with national maritime governance structures. The study contributes theoretically by extending outsourcing and port governance frameworks to the context of developing economies and practically by offering policymakers a structured decision-making model for evaluating alternative outsourcing strategies in pilotage and towage operations.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 11 Mar 2026 16:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2644114</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Factors Affecting Location Decisions of the Port and Shipping Service Industry Based on GTWAR Model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613194</link>
      <description><![CDATA[China’s port industry has made world-renowned achievements in infrastructure construction, throughput, and international competitiveness. However, compared with other established shipping centers, the “soft power” of many ports in China is still not outstanding. It is caused largely due to the fact that the development of the port and shipping service industry in China is still lagging behind, and especially the agglomeration scale of the high-level modern port and shipping service industry is unsatisfactory. Aiming at the existing problem, this paper builds a spatiotemporal and geographically weighted autoregressive model based on the sample data of prefecture-level cities. The difference in the layout characteristics of port and shipping service sub-industries in China is analyzed from both time and space dimensions. It is determined that the service index, government intervention, international trade volume, and other factors will affect the location of China’s port and shipping service industry.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2613194</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Gateway to Green Energy: Moroccan Ports as Hubs for Hydrogen Fuel Development and Trade</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651506</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With abundant renewable resources and proximity to European markets, Morocco is uniquely positioned to become a global hub for green hydrogen and green hydrogen-based fuels. Ports are key enablers of this transformation, serving international shipping, local industry, and export markets. This report examines how four strategically selected ports—Tanger Med, Mohammedia, Jorf Lasfar, and a potential port near Tan-Tan—can significantly contribute to Morocco’s emerging green hydrogen economy. Based on a comprehensive scenario analysis, it identifies how each port’s unique strengths can be combined to minimize costs and maximize synergies in the green hydrogen supply chain. The most cost-effective configuration foresees hydrogen and derivatives produced and exported from Tan-Tan, stored in salt caverns in Mohammedia, distributed to heavy industry in Jorf Lasfar, and bunkered at Tanger Med. To guide decision-makers toward this integrated value chain, the report provides a roadmap with pilot projects and recommendations at both national and port levels.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2026 09:19:19 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2651506</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Performance measure of dry bulk ports using shipping big data</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598292</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Dry bulk port performance measure from a global macro perspective is important, as major dry bulk cargoes are closely linked to national industrial development. However, there is a lack of study systematically investigating dry bulk port performance measure using state-of-art technology, i.e., maritime big data. For a comprehensive comparison of worldwide dry bulk port performance, this study proposes a four-dimensional dry bulk port performance evaluation approach using automatic identification system (AIS) data. Dry bulk port performance is quantified in terms of connectivity, scale, efficiency and cargo flow. Using the top 15 iron ore ports as an example, the port performance of major iron ore ports is calculated and compared with AIS data in 2020. The constructed performance measure has been shown to effectively capture the key points for dry bulk ports to improve their performance, and provide insightful suggestions for both port operators and shipping companies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 09:11:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598292</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Optimal second-tier hub port for enhanced infrastructure connectivity in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620717</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This paper explores the strategic positioning of second-tier hub ports within the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). The primary aim is to augment maritime transport and seabound trade by optimising containerisation transhipment and distribution processes. This paper addressed a specialised variant of the single hub location-allocation problem by focusing on a designated second-tier hub port within the RCEP region. This study describes the optimal placement of this hub port and the corresponding feeder port allocations to enhance transhipment efficiency, regional connectivity, and feeder service distribution throughout the RCEP. This analysis identifies Songkhla Port as the most suitable location for establishing a second-tier hub port by utilising an integer linear programming model tailored for single allocation scenarios. The findings provide valuable insights that could strengthen the development and execution of evidence-based policies and strategic initiatives, thereby strengthening maritime infrastructure and promoting economic integration across the RCEP.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 15 Jan 2026 09:11:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2620717</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the spatial distribution and influencing factors of the maritime services: based on data from Chinese enterprises</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592060</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In the context of global maritime cluster development and the strategic evolution of port cities, the spatial distribution and determinants of Maritime Services (MSs) emerge as pivotal areas of inquiry. However, empirical analysis in this domain remains limited. To address this deficiency, this study meticulously processes and analyses data from Chinese Maritime Service Enterprises (MSEs) listed in the World Shipping Register Company until 2023, categorizing these enterprises into port-related, ship-related and maritime consulting enterprises. Utilizing instrumental variables and econometrics, the findings reveal that MSs in China predominantly aggregate in coastal cities, along major inland waterways, and within inland central cities, with a pronounced clustering near urban centers. This distribution is primarily influenced by two factors: firstly, geographic proximity to seaports and throughput levels markedly impacts the distribution, especially for port-related enterprises and ship-related enterprises. Secondly, the clustering of downstream supporting industries, shared labor pools and knowledge spillovers, which are essential elements of agglomeration economics, particularly affects maritime consulting enterprises. Such a pattern is also influenced by the broader business environment and governmental governance. This research not only clarifies existing disputes regarding the maritime industry’s spatial distribution but also offers insights for MSs development and the transformative planning of port cities.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 30 Sep 2025 16:40:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2592060</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Port operators’ perceptions and acceptance of maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) operations: insights from Malaysia</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2590025</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) have emerged as a prominent topic, representing a novel technology pioneered by advanced nations. However, the surging interest in MASS in the shipping landscape of the future has prompted apprehension among port operators worldwide, with concerns spanning various domains, including port operations, safety and security, economic ramifications, workforce implications, legal and regulatory challenges, as well as marine technical and environmental considerations. This research aimed to explore the potential impacts of autonomous vessel operations on maritime ports, with a particular focus on the acceptance levels of major port operators in Peninsular Malaysia. A systematic multiphase mixed-methods approach was used to appropriately analyse the primary and secondary data obtained from a literature review, interviews, and questionnaire survey. Through these methodological avenues, the study identified 21 potential impacts of autonomous vessel operations on port operators. Among these, six key impacts garnered less acceptance from port operators regarding the integration of autonomous vessels into major ports. These impacts encompassed the risks associated with human error, concerns pertaining to insurance and liability, complexity in berth occupancy and port traffic management, the unpredictability of pollution, exploration of natural environments for port development, and the concomitant pressure on environmental preservation efforts. These insights provided a comprehensive overview of the key considerations essential for navigating the path towards integrating future autonomous vessel operations and facilitating development within the maritime industry in Malaysia and worldwide.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 25 Sep 2025 08:25:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2590025</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Research on the high-performance development path of China's seaport shipping logistics based on Fs-QCA method</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578856</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Taking 51 coastal ports in China as research samples, this study adopts fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (Fs-QCA) method to explore the linkage effect and path selection of enhancing port shipping cargo performance under the three dimensions of location resources, accessibility, and opening up. The study finds that the high-performance development of port logistics in China has diversified development modes, which can be summarised into three types: resource-balanced, location-access dual dominant-driven, and access-driven. When port cities have inherent deficiencies in certain conveniences, they can achieve high cargo performance through other paths. The study also finds that although the high access capacity of ports is not the necessary condition for any of these modes, the lack of high access capacity is the common reason for the low performance of related ports in terms of cargo.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Sep 2025 17:10:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578856</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The dynamic coupling relationship between port and city from the perspective of port container traffic and the economy of port city</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578852</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study aims to explore the dynamic coupling relationships and the inter-lagging effects between the port and port city based on the auto-regression distribute lag model (ARDL) and error correction model (ECM). An empirical analysis of the Yangtze River Delta multi-port system was performed for illustration and verification purposes from the perspective of container traffic and the economy of the port city. Results show that port container traffic and the economy of the port city have significant interaction for both short- and long-run relationships, but different-scale ports have different port-city relationships and different inter-lagging effects. The findings also show that tertiary industry (TI) activities are the most associated with port development, secondary industry (SI) is second, and primary industry (PI) has less connection with port development. Meanwhile, with the extension of the lagging periods, the positive and negative effects are always declining. In terms of methodology, this framework is also helpful and applicable to other ports and port cities worldwide, and the empirical analysis also can provide managerial insight for policymakers and investors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 23 Sep 2025 17:10:22 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2578852</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Legislation review in reconstructing Indonesia’s hub ports policy</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564429</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Indonesia possesses abundant maritime assets, including an extensive coastline and a strategic location along the world’s busiest shipping lanes. Despite these advantages and two decades of government policies (2001–2020) aimed at developing an International Hub Port (IHP), the country has yet to establish a port that meets the criteria necessary to accommodate the latest generation of vessels. This study adopts a qualitative approach, combining archival research, policy analysis, and expert interviews with top executives from Indonesia’s largest state-owned port company, providing diverse perspectives on Indonesia’s hub port development. Archival research examines regulatory shifts over time, while policy analysis and expert insights offer perspectives on logistical competitiveness and infrastructure readiness. The findings highlight the need to strengthen regulatory coherence, establish clear hub port criteria, ensure the continuity of priority programs, and enhance the overall preparedness of Indonesian ports for IHP status. Stakeholders emphasize that existing ports are not yet equipped to function as an international hub. Reducing Indonesia’s dependence on foreign transshipment hubs is crucial to enhancing its strategic role in global trade. Immediate collaboration among policymakers, industry leaders, and stakeholders is essential to drive the reconstruction of regulatory frameworks, accelerate port modernization, and ensure Indonesia’s readiness as a global hub.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Jul 2025 09:47:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2564429</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An initial design validation framework for cooperative risk management in seaports</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526321</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Recent disruptions in supply chains, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, have highlighted the importance of cross-organisational risk management for avoiding or mitigating the impacts of operational risks such as supply bottlenecks and demand shocks. Earlier work has presented the CoRiMaS risk management model for seaports, in which stakeholder analysis, risk governance, strategic and tactical risk management, and knowledge management are the key aspects. Considering the lack of validation approaches for cooperative risk management in the general risk literature, and a fortiori in the maritime domain, this article proposes an initial validation framework to test the design of the CoRiMaS risk management model for seaports. Apart from introducing the conceptual basis and practical steps of this validation framework, it is applied to an illustrative case study to clarify its concepts, and to guide further testing and research. The presented case study includes specific scenarios that were discussed with stakeholders in Germany and Finland. The developed framework can be used and expanded to validate the design of similar cooperative risk management models. The results of the illustrative test case based on the initial design validation framework support the development of a theoretically founded cooperative risk management auditing process.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 06 May 2025 09:11:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2526321</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Port Node Importance and Risk Assessment in Shipping Networks Based
          on An Improved PageRank Approach and Reliability Analysis</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2518912</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Since the rapid development of the shipping and port industries in the second                     half of the twentieth century, the introduction of container technology has                     transformed cargo management systems, while simultaneously increasing the                     vulnerability of global shipping networks to natural disasters and international                     conflicts. To address this challenge, the study leverages AIS data sourced from                     the Vessel Traffic Data website to extract ship stop trajectories and construct                     a shipping network. The constructed network exhibits small-world                     characteristics, with most port nodes having low degree values, while a few                     ports possess extremely high degree values. Furthermore, the study improved the                     PageRank algorithm to assess the importance of port nodes and introduced                     reliability theory and risk assessment theory to analyze the failure risks of                     port nodes, providing new methods and perspectives for analyzing the reliability                     of the shipping network.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 03 Mar 2025 16:24:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2518912</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Towards a Port Demand Management (PDM) System: An Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-based Approach</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485624</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Egyptian ports are grappling with challenges to cope with the intense port competition in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Accordingly, policy makers are investing heavily to increase port capacity and subsequently the services calling Egyptian ports and the cargo handled. Nevertheless, investments in port capital infrastructure and their ongoing maintenance costs are substantial; and while they are intended to attract shipping lines, other factors may ultimately drive their port selection, potentially rendering these investments ineffective.This research utilizes the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to provide a better understanding of the factors that attract port users to a particular port and pioneers the introduction of the Port Demand Management (PDM) concept as envisioned by the authors. Under PDM, policy makers could alter the port selection decisions of port users, such as cargo owners, shipping lines, shipping alliances, and/or consignees, through a programme of rewards (penalties) to attract (repel) them to (from) a certain port aiming at reducing port congestion without the need to pump huge infrastructure investments.The findings reveal that, among carefully selected six factors and 19 sub-factors, shipping lines prioritize port efficiency, connectivity, and information technology when selecting a port of call and show that focusing only on port infrastructure development is inadequate. Instead, investing in non-physical (i.e. soft) infrastructure is necessary for supporting the port system effectively.This research spotlight underappreciated factors of port selection considering the unique characteristics of the Egyptian context and pave the way towards new strategic directions for policy makers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jan 2025 09:36:39 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2485624</guid>
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