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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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    <language>en-us</language>
    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Development and Analysis of Rightsized Powertrains for Small Urban Vehicles</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580047</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This work provides an overview of the key steps involved in designing an electric powertrain for an L7 category vehicle intended for urban and suburban environments. It focuses on mission-specific rightsizing and physical integration into small vehicles. Synthetic driving cycles of Helsinki, Finland, and Regensburg, Germany, created via activity-based transport modeling and dynamic vehicle simulation reveal that urban use cases do not require high power and torque. This allows for smaller battery capacities and electric motor ratings, leading to cost savings in mass production. Moreover, this paper introduces two powertrain variants: a low voltage option and an extensive high voltage option with both conventional conductive and wireless charging systems. The high voltage variant was selected for implementation and for that, the first measurement results are presented. Both low voltage and higher voltage options are technically feasible, but if wireless charging is preferred, the higher voltage configuration is more suitable from a system design perspective.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 09:42:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580047</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Targeting Change for Active Travel</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579541</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In an attempt to address the climate crisis and to deliver more resilient transport systems, it is important to use all transport options. Active Travel has come to the fore once again, while governments are trying to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In the UK for example, it has become a statutory requirement for Active Travel England to be consulted about any new walking, wheeling or cycling infrastructure project. However, evidence suggests that the uptake of Active Travel initiatives remains low. An important component of Active Travel planning are local users, since they are the ones who will have to use any new infrastructure in the long-term. Building on past research, this study is based on a cross-sectional survey about walking and cycling distributed in the UK. 474 responses were received and 252 valid responses were used in the ANOVA analysis. Active Travel barriers reported include for example lack of dedicated cycle lanes, inadequate lighting and insufficient pedestrian crossings, all of which are commonly mentioned in the literature. The innovation of this study is that it included the Stages of Change in a single survey, offering a holistic approach to support resilient infrastructure planning. Survey results facilitate the prioritisation of Active Travel projects based on travel activity and socio-economic group. Such a behavioural change approach allows local authorities to develop targeted Active Travel schemes and policies to support infrastructure development, while justifying the funds invested. Overall, findings can support local and regional authorities worldwide to improve Active Travel uptake.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579541</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Transport Modelling for Mega-Projects: An Application on Futuristic, Carbon Emission Free, Sustainable, 5-Minute Linear Megacity</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579711</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift from providing and designing cities for car towards promoting active travel modes, micromobility, and in general sustainable and walkable cities. In this regard, the Government of KSA has initiated the NEOM city project which aims to develop a 5 min-travel, sustainable and carbon free city. The project includes “The Line” which is a 170-km long and 200 m wide linear city. This futuristic megacity with the linear core is the inspiration for the model developed in this study using PTV Visum which can be a decision support system for such a megaproject. However, there are several challenges that need to be solved to model such a futuristic city. One of the most pressing issues is that the futuristic city will consist of a large number of modes such as, flying taxis, micromobility, autonomous demand responsive pods, and water mobility. Further, the envisaged cities consist of free public transport, extensive use of vertical mobility due to height, and negligible car ownership, which makes it challenging to generate behaviourally intuitive results. However, by carefully coding the supply and calibrating the demand parameters, an intuitive model is developed which is in line with the planned key performance indicators, including the mode shares, average distance between activity pairs, and volume to capacity ratios. The steps would be interesting for transport modellers and practitioners to model multimodal futuristic cities. Further, the results indicate it is possible to create mega-cities with negligible level of car ownership.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 15:01:24 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579711</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Activity-Based Travel Demand Model: Unveiling the Dynamics of Modern Travel Behavior in Dublin</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580032</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As Dublin is moving forward towards a brighter future on the bases of three main pillars: reducing car dependency, improving the public transport, and most importantly achieving those goals in sustainable environmentally friendly approaches, it implies that major changes to current existing travel behavior are on the way. Moreover, it is always healthy to remember that not only the proposal of many projects is vital but the ability to coordinate their planning, evaluate their potential impacts, assess their actual influence, and utilize the available feedback loops to ensure the most appropriate results the public seeks. Given the serious deficiencies that conventional four-step travel demand modeling approach, therefore, it is the time to invest towards developing a new tool that can facilitate the transformation that Dublin and Ireland are looking after with a development of an activity-based travel demand model that has the potential to be the suitable candidate for answering ‘what if’ answers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 27 Apr 2026 14:55:47 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2580032</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Capacity Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows: Simulation Tool for Footprint Network Design</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579235</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The paper focuses on a decision support system designed for logistic experts and aimed at addressing Vehicle Routing Problem that includes multi-vehicles and multi-depot with time constraints and considers the capacities of vehicles and logistic nodes too. The paper proposes a novel solution featuring a three-layer architecture and a system able to simulate the behavior of the network. Therefore, the paper proposes a tool to assess the impact of changes in volumes and capacities on overall delivery times. The integration of information about sorting nodes, delivery nodes, travel distances, and daily item demands is crucial for simulating accurate arrival times at each destination point. Computational experiments are depicted for validating the model and showing its effectiveness and its application.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Mar 2026 16:34:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2579235</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transportation as the Vanguard—Dynamic evolution and spatial differentiation of local marine transportation policies in China</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655839</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As a key driver of high-quality marine economic development, the maritime transport sector depends heavily on the role of local governments in policy design and implementation. This study examines maritime transport policies issued by local governments in China. Using analyses of policy quantity and intensity, LDA topic modeling, and policy instrument classification, we systematically analyze 1,685 policy documents from 11 coastal provincial-level regions. The study aims to identify the dynamic evolution and spatial differentiation of local maritime transport policies. The results reveal clear dynamic evolution patterns. First, over time, policy quantity and intensity follow a stepwise trajectory, progressing through four stages: embryonic, exploratory development, rapid development, and quality-optimization. Second, policy themes have shifted from an early focus on cargo transport and channel navigation toward safety supervision and pollution control, indicating a transition from extensive growth to sustainable governance. Third, although the use of policy instruments has increased, their structure remains imbalanced, characterized by strong environment-oriented, moderate supply-side support, and weak demand-side measures, with limited coordination and innovation. Distinct spatial differentiation patterns are also observed. Policy quantity and intensity show an uneven distribution, with strong concentration along the southeastern coast and weaker activity in northern and southern regions; the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta have emerged as major sources of policy innovation. Regional differences in economic development and resource endowments lead to divergent policy theme preferences. Across regions, policy instrument structures display a clear hierarchy—environment-oriented instruments dominate, followed by supply-side tools and then demand-side tools—suggesting that local governments prioritize regulatory frameworks and supervision in maritime transport governance. This study provides a methodological contribution to understanding the evolution of local maritime transport policies in China and offers practical insights for improving regional maritime transport governance.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 30 Mar 2026 17:15:44 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2655839</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Climate change manifestations – Bratislava Airport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666082</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Climate change and its global impacts are negatively affecting the aviation sector in several ways. It poses challenges for aviation not only from commercial and economic perspectives but also in terms of safety, due to the increasing frequency and intensity of meteorological phenomena hazardous to flight operations. Numerous scientific studies have shown that weather patterns are changing as a result of climate change, leading to more frequent and severe occurrences of dangerous weather phenomena. These changes bring challenges to various aspects of human activity, including air transport. This article focuses on the occurrence of cumulonimbus (CB) clouds at the largest airport in Slovakia in the context of ongoing climate change over the past 20 years. The study compares the number of CB occurrences with recent climate norms. The results were obtained through a simple analysis of METAR data for the period 2000–2019.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666082</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Monitoring the impact of traffic activity in a selected location on air quality</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665959</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study analyzes the impact of traffic activity on air quality, specifically PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ concentrations, in an urban area. The measurements were performed through automated stations with modern sensors that continuously recorded air pollution data. Traffic volume was monitored by a traffic counter located near the main road. The data included daily records of the number of vehicles and types of traffic, which were correlated with measured values of PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ concentrations. The results indicated that during weekdays with traffic intensity of up to 4000 vehicles per day, the concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ reached the values of 45 µg/m³ and 40 µg/m³, significantly deteriorating the air quality. Instead, on weekends at lower traffic volumes (below 2000 vehicles per day), concentrations dropped to 15-20 µg/m³, corresponding to better air quality. These results confirm the significant impact of traffic on air pollution levels and emphasize the need to regulate traffic flows and implement low-emission technologies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665959</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Real-time EEG-based mental fatigue estimation model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665951</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Numerous high-risk professions require sustained states of alertness. It is estimated that nearly one-third of traffic accidents worldwide may result from inattention and fatigue while driving. Developing methods to prevent as many accidents as possible caused by inattention and fatigue is essential. This conference paper focuses on real-time fatigue estimation by measuring electrical brain activity. A non-invasive method of recording brain activity, using a device called an electroencephalograph, was employed. The study of mental fatigue and its estimation is an area of interest for many studies for several years. Electroencephalography allows the estimation of mental fatigue in a short-term signal, making it an ideal method for this study. We focused on the beta/(theta+alpha) ratio, which is identified as the fatigue index. A simple yet effective model was developed in Matlab Simulink, using power spectral density method to calculate the fatigue index. Measurements were conducted in a way to simulate monotonous driving in a car on a highway. The model can estimate mental fatigue level within the first ten seconds of real-time measurement. For future studies, the focus should be on the technical design and development of a wearable single-electrode electroencephalograph. This device may be used for the estimation of mental fatigue levels in real-life situations, making it suitable for high-risk professions and everyday driving.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665951</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Seat Belt Cover for Monitoring the Driver’s Physiological Functions – Laboratory Prototype</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cardiovascular diseases rank among the leading causes of death in Slovakia. Motor vehicle drivers, in particular, represent a highly vulnerable group. They are not only more prone to these conditions, but any health complications they experience can have fatal consequences for themselves and other road users. In response to this issue, we have developed an innovative device designed to monitor the health status of drivers in real time. This device incorporates advanced technologies to measure various aspects of cardiac activity, including electrocardiography, seismocardiography, gyrocardiography, and phonocardiography, along with monitoring body temperature and respiratory activity. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the technical specifications of this device and its potential for enhancing the prevention and early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases among professional drivers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2026 15:15:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2665949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>What drives workers to be heavily reliant on cars in commuting to workplaces? Investigations of commute behaviour in Melbourne</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636873</link>
      <description><![CDATA[As the largest proportion of weekdays trips in Melbourne, Australia, work commutes, even in short distance, are predominantly attributed to private vehicles. This study aims to investigate as to why Melbourne residents are heavily reliant on cars in commuting to workplaces. To better understand variations of car dependencies across different parts of the city and commute distances, this study divides Melbourne into three regions namely inner, middle, and outer Melbourne and set boundaries of commute distances to walkable (≤ 2.5 km), bikeable (2.5 to 15 km), and long (≥ 15 km). Multinomial Logistic models were utilized to explore the Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity (VISTA) data that contains travel, socio-demographic, and built environment factors. Variables were found to exhibit varying impacts on work commute behaviours across regions and distances. Overall, possessing a car license is associated with car uses across all distances. In walkable distance commutes, a km increase in commute distance significantly increases the likelihood of using cars. Inner Melbourne residents exhibit the tendency of using car in bikeable and long-distance commutes with the increasing number of cars owned. The findings of this study could help stakeholders in developing interventions to mitigate car dependency in work commutes]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 03 Mar 2026 16:51:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2636873</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A Comparative Illustration of Trip- and Activity-Based Modeling Techniques</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562190</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Over the last 15 years, activity-based models have slowly replaced trip-based models as the standard tool used for planning and forecasting efforts in the United States. But the general adoption of activity-based models has been slowed by a number of factors, including real and perceived costs in terms of data availability, computational resources, and staff training for analysis. In this research, we explore the state of these considerations in light of newly developed open-source platforms for activity-based modeling. We do this by applying a trip-based model for the Wasatch Front region of Utah and an implementation of ActivitySim in the same region to analyze three scenarios common to transport planners: a change in land use, a change in transport infrastructure, and a change in underlying travel behavior. We find that the activity-based approach allows for a more straightforward and intuitive interpretation of model results at little additional cost for scenario configuration, computation, or analysis. Further, we show that the construction of activity-based models may make model extension and adaptation to new policies more straightforward than could be undertaken with a trip-based model. This suggests that some of the commonly rehearsed obstacles to adopting activity-based models may be outdated or irrelevant.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2562190</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A simulation-based optimization of layby spot allocation for freight vehicles using spatial, temporal, and durational deferment strategies in a multi-objective framework</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648597</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Loading-unloading of goods by freight vehicles in designated layby spots along commercial stretches are vital to urban logistics. Limited availability of these spots leads to various urban externalities and escalates logistics costs, necessitating the efficient management for optimized usage of layby spots. This paper addresses the challenge of optimizing layby spot allocation for freight vehicles, incorporating spatial, temporal, and durational deferment strategies to manage high demand and limited resources. The model is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. The optimization function seeks to balance three objectives: (1) maximizing layby spot utilization, (2) minimizing the loss function associated with deferment, comprising opportunity costs due to loading-unloading time deferment, spatial deferment, and loading-unloading activity duration reduction, and (3) minimizing the percentage of unallocated requests. The constraints ensure feasible allocations within acceptable limits for time, spatial distance, and activity duration.Using a microsimulation model to generate layby spot booking requests, this study considers a setting with 30 commercial establishments and 10 layby spots. Data gathered from establishment-based freight surveys and interviews with transport operators from Bara bazar area in Kolkata inform the loss function across deferment types. NSGA-II is used to determine pareto-optimal allocations under various deferment scenarios. Results indicate that deferment strategies significantly reduce total fiscal losses, optimize layby spot utilization, and lower the rate of unallocated requests. These findings highlight the efficacy of deferment-based optimization for improving urban freight logistics by maximizing the efficiency of layby spot usage in constrained urban environments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2648597</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Activity-based transport demand model for Greater Bendigo: Detailed regional modelling with state-wide trip integration</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647764</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Activity-based models for simulating transport systems have become prominent, particularly in metropolitan areas. However, adapting these models for regional cities presents unique challenges, including limited data availability and the need to account for a large number of trips originating outside the study region. This research introduces a comprehensive workflow for developing an activity-based demand generation model for Greater Bendigo, a large regional city in Victoria, Australia. The model uses a synthetic population table representing all individuals residing in the State of Victoria (rows) and demographically representative of census data (columns) as its input. These individuals were categorised into three groups: Greater Bendigo residents with local trips, residents commuting to outside regions, and non-residents working in Greater Bendigo. The first step involved clustering individuals from the input synthetic population based on their main activities to identify distinct cohorts. Subsequently, activity distribution tables were computed for each cohort using the Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity (VISTA) data.Distinct daily activity chains were generated for each cohort, producing 24-hour itineraries accurate to 30-min time bins with VISTA activity types, start time, and durations. A combination of location-allocation and gravity-based models were employed for assigning activity locations, accurately representing their spatial distribution. In this step, the realistic location of a person’s main activity was assigned first, followed by the selection of secondary activities’ locations to create a sensible return loop back home. Approximate locations were used for trip origins or destinations outside Greater Bendigo.The model workflow can be used to generate demand for other regional cities with significant inflow and outflow of daily travellers. The generated travel demand, together with a suitable transport network, can be used in agent-based traffic models to examine transport interventions in regional areas, providing a valuable tool for regional transport planning.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:28:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2647764</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Benefits from Active Transportation—A Case Study of Bangalore Metropolitan Region</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113484</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Rapid urbanization in developing economies like India has led to an increase in motorized modes of transport, even for shorter trips replacing Non-Motorized Transport (NMT). The urban lifestyle has made most of the adult population physically less active leading to adverse health impacts. Studies suggest that active transportation, usually through bicycling and walking, can potentially increase Physical Activity (PA) and improve health. In this study, an attempt has been made to quantify PA in terms of Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) for NMT. Two scenarios, such as base case and mode shift to NMT, are evaluated in which the latter scenario shows a 5% increase in the active population and 3% increase in the physically benefitted individuals due to the shift to active transportation. Thus, the population commuting through NMT are sufficiently physically active than other road users and, hence, are less subjected to obesity and other non-communicable diseases.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 12 Feb 2026 15:29:13 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2113484</guid>
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