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    <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
    <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
    <docs>http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss</docs>
    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
    <image>
      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
      <url>https://trid.trb.org/Images/PageHeader-wTitle.jpg</url>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/</link>
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    <item>
      <title>Multi-objective optimization and performance characterization of all-solid waste-based regenerated bitumen mixture using microalgae oil/POE and CO₂-sequestration artificial aggregate</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616562</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To reduce the indiscriminate disposal of RAP mixture and industrial solid waste, and promote the combination of low-carbon and sustainability in the application of bituminous pavement, in this study, the multi-objective optimization design and performance characterization analysis of all-solid waste(ASW)-based bitumen mixture utilizing microalgae oil (MO)/POE RAP-regeneration and CO₂-sequestration industrial waste-based artificial aggregate (IBAA) was implemented from multiple-scales. Firstly, for CO₂-sequestration IBAA, the variation law on macro-performance and mineral phase composition were explored to determine the optimal carbonation time; Subsequently, for regenerated bitumen binder, the analysis of rheological performance, molecular distribution and regeneration mechanism were conducted through combining conventional property and rheological test, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and FTIR test; Next, the systematic optimization proportioning of MO/POE regenerated bitumen was executed by the combination of experimental analysis and hybrid ellipsoid grey-target decisive (HEGD) model; Finally, the feasibility of ASW-based bitumen mixture into high-grade bituminous pavement was analyzed and validated through anti-rutting, moisture damage resistance and low-temperature property test. The results demonstrated that CO₂-sequestration exerted a replenishment and densifying effect on the outer portions of IBAA, reducing crushing value and abrasion loss by 1.22 %-3.29 % and 0.5 %-1.34 %, increasing polishing value by 1.20 %-2.90 %. The viscoelastic deformability of MO regenerated bitumen could be restored to the pre-aging level, while there was still a certain gap. In comparison, MO/POE composite regeneration remarkably enhanced the elastic recoverability, raised the critical temperature by 1.1–9.7℃ and diminished the sulfoxide and carbonyl indices, induced the fatigue resistance improvement and strain-susceptibility weakening due to the crosslinking-entanglement effects of POE and the replenishment of light components within bitumen colloidal system, except for slightly inferior low-temperature creep behavior. Based on the analysis of HEGD model and road performance, ASW-based bituminous mixture containing 6MO+ 2POE, 6MO+ 4POE, 8MO+ 4POE regenerated bitumen and 30 %-50 % RAP proportion could be applied to the middle and lower layers of pavement and bridge deck with heavy traffic level.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Dec 2025 09:34:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2616562</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Freeze and Thaw of Manufactured Sand</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1693984</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The question addressed by this research is: Are manufactured sands, produced from limestone and dolomite, acceptable for use as fine aggregate in masonry concrete? Following an extensive literature review, evaluation of all applicable ASTM and AASHTO standard test methods was conducted. Specific evaluation consisted of concrete freeze-thaw durability tests, compressive strength tests, microscopical determination of air content in hardened concrete and percent air in mortar, slump and air content of freshly mixed concrete determination, salt scale resistance tests, and determination of chloride permeability.  Among the conclusions are the following: 1. Manufactured sands, produced from limestone and dolomite, appear to be satisfactory for use in masonry concrete. 2. Blanket approval of manufactured sand produced from limestones and dolomites is not recommended. 3. Concrete using Burlington limestone manufactured sand from Springfield, Missouri and Keokuk-Burlington manufactured sand from Mount Airy, Missouri was high in freeze thaw durability. 4. Chloride permeability results were in the moderate acceptability range which indicates these concretes should not be subjected to deicing chemicals such as bridge decks. 5. Manufactured sands produced from limestones and dolomites are not recommended for use where subject to vehicular traffic and polishing.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Apr 2020 16:33:55 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1693984</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Cementitious artificial aggregate particles for high-skid resistance pavements</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1147378</link>
      <description><![CDATA[For some critical road sections, a high skid resistance of wearing course is required to minimise the risk of traffic accidents. Nowadays this skid resistance is mainly brought by the use of special aggregates as calcined bauxite, a scarce and expensive material. The paper presents a patented technology, where a special high-performance mortar is produced and crushed at early age. These cementitious artificial aggregates (CAA) can display aggregate properties close to those of calcined bauxite. Various models are presented for the prediction of the aggregate resistance to wear, fragmentation, and polishing, making possible the optimisation of CAA for specific applications.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Aug 2012 08:59:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1147378</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthetic aggregates of high resistance to polishing. Part 4. specially shaped chippings</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1178724</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 01:57:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1178724</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Synthetic aggregates of high resistance to polishing: part 3 - porous aggregates</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1178723</link>
      <description><![CDATA[]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 24 Aug 2012 01:57:53 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1178723</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>GENERAL REPORT. QUESTION 3. RIGID PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078090</link>
      <description><![CDATA[16 COUNTRIES PRESENTED REPORTS ON THE FOLLOWING TOPICS: PAVEMENT DESIGN (THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL), REINFORCED AND NON-REINFORCED PAVEMENTS, MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE, MAINTENANCE. FROM THE ABOVE REPORTS, A NUMBER OF CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED: (1) THERE ARE DIFFERENCES OF OPINION AS REGARDS RIGID PAVEMENT DESIGN. SOME COUNTRIES PREFER TO USE THE EXPERIENCE ACQUIRED. (2) MOST COUNTRIES THINK THAT EXPANSION JOINTS ARE UNNECESSARY. (3) THE  CONCEPT OF SHRINKAGE JOINTS IS VALID IN ALL COUNTRIES. (4) IT IS THOUGHT  THAT INCREASINGLY JOINTS WILL BE EXECUTED BY SAWING. (5) PARTICULAR ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO SURFACE WEAR BY STUDDED TYRES. IT SEEMS ADVANTAGEOUS TO USE HARD AGGREGATES WITH A HIGH RESISTANCE TO POLISHING. (6) TRANSVERSE GROOVING IS PREFERRED TO LONGITUDINAL GROOVING. (7) NUMEROUS TESTS HAVE BEEN  CARRIED OUT WITH SYNTHETIC RESINS USED TO REPAIR SURFACE DEFECTS, BUT UP  TO NOW NO METHOD HAS BEEN DEVELOPED WHICH GUARANTEES COMPLETE SUCCESS. FINALLY IT IS CONCLUDED THAT FURTHER RESEARCH SHOULD BE CONDUCTED ON: (A) THE RESISTANCE OF FROST BLANKET MATERIALS TO FROST, AND THE USE OF INSULATING BEARING LAYERS; (B) INCREASE IN THE COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF THE SLAB  RESTING ON THE FOUNDATION; (C) IMPORVEMENTS IN MATERIALS FOR AND METHODS  OF JOINT SEALING; (D) IMPROVEMENT IN THE RESISTANCE OF THE SURFACE TO STUDDED TYRES. THE NUMBER OF THE COVERING ABSTRACT IS IRRD ABSTRACT NO. 100978.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 16:42:29 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1078090</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>SYNTHETIC AGGREGATES. HIGH-PERFORMANCE SLAG</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1074992</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THIS ARTICLE REPRODUCES A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE ONE-DAY CONFERENCE ON THE MANUFACTURE AND USE OF BLAST-FURNACE SLAG, WHICH WAS HELD AT PONT-A-MOUSSON 8TH JUNE 1973. DETAILS ARE GIVEN OF THE MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHETIC AGGREGATES WITH A VIEW TO ENSURING HIGH SKIDDING RESISTANCE AT HIGH SPEED OVER THREE OR FOUR YEARS ON HIGHLY TRAFFICKED ROADS. BECAUSE OF THE UNSATISFACTORY MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SLAG AGGREGATES (LOS ANGELES COEFFICIENT  APPROXIMATELY 5, WET DEVAL COEFFICIENT HIGHER THAN 15, ACCELERATED POLISHING COEFFICIENT IN THE ORDER OF 0,70), A STUDY WAS MADE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF MODIFYING THE NATURE OF THE SLAG. THREE MIXTURES WERE STUDIED: SLAG-FLY ASH, SLAG-FLY ASH-SAND, AND SLAG-SAND. THE BEST RESULT WAS OBTAINED AFTER HEAT TREATMENT OF THE SAND-SLAG MIXTURE. GOOD MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS WERE REACHED IN THE LABORATORY FOR THE LOS ANGELES AND DEVAL COEFFICIENTS; AS REGARDS THE ACCELERATED POLISHING COEFFICIENT, AN IMPROVED SHAPE COEFFICIENT AND THE USE OF ANGULAR AGGREGATES WILL PROBABLY COMPENSATE FOR THE AVERAGE VALUE OBTAINED.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 14:50:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1074992</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>RESIN SURFACINGS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063580</link>
      <description><![CDATA[TO DEVELOP THIN BUT DURABLE SURFACINGS, WHICH GIVE OR RESTORE A NON-SKID FINISH TO ASPHALTIC OR CEMENT CONCRETE SURFACINGS WITH REDUCED SKIDDING RESISTANCE. THE AIM OF THE RESEARCH IS TO DEVELOP TECHNIQUES, IN WHICH EPOXY  RESIN, ACRYLIC OR POLYURETHANE BINDERS ARE ADDED TO AGGREGATES WITH A HIGH RESISTANCE TO WEAR AND POLISHING. THE MAIN PART OF THE INVESTIGATION WILL CONSIST IN LAYING AND OBSERVING EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS. THIS RESEARCH PROJECT SUPERSEDES IRRD RESEARCH PROJECT NO.53668.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 08:39:10 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1063580</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>USE OF LIMESTONE AGGREGATES IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION - TECHNICAL ONE-DAY MEETING - MONTE CARLO- 20TH JUNE 1975</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058161</link>
      <description><![CDATA[THE FOLLOWING TOPICS WERE DISCUSSED AT THE MEETING: (1) SKIDDING RESISTANCE.  IN SPITE OF THEIR TENDENCY TO POLISHING, LIMESTONE AGGREGATES CAN BE USED IN THE WEARING COURSE IF THEY ARE IMPROVED BY ADDITION OF NATURAL AGGREGATES WITH HIGH MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OR BY SYNTHETIC AGGREGATES CONTAINING SHALE OR CLAY WHICH HAVE BEEN CALCINED AT HIGH TEMPERATURE.  IN-SITU TESTS HAVE GIVEN GOOD RESULTS AND THIS TECHNIQUE IS CONSIDERABLY CHEAPER THAN OTHERS; (2) TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS.  MENTION IS MADE OF BITUMINOUS MIXES CONTAINING VOLCANIC AGGREGATES MIXED WITH LIMESTONE AGGREGATES; (3) TESTS CARRIED OUT IN VARIOUS REGIONS IN FRANCE, PARTICULARLY WITH LOCAL AGGREGATES; (4) USE OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BINDER, AMONG OTHER FLY-ASH; (5)  UTILIZATION OF LIMESTONE SAND CONCRETE.  THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIMESTONE QUARRIES SITUATED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ALPES MARITIMES ARE DESCRIBED.  SEE ALSO IRRD ABSTRACTS NOS. 104908, 104910, 104911, 104912.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 21 Nov 2010 06:10:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/1058161</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>INVESTIGATION OF THE LONG TERM POLISHING EFFECT OF ROADSTONES IN THE FIELD UNDER VARYING TRAFFIC VOLUMES</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/212739</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The thesis describes both a laboratory and field investigation carried out on eight roadstones used in surface dressings in various areas of New South Wales.  The results obtained on the artifically polished samples of the roadstones in the laboratory indicate that there is a large variation in samples of the same roadstone.  The field testing carried out with the mu-meter skid resistance trailer shows that for a constant traffic volume a particular roadstone will exhibit an initial drop in friction but eventually level out to a constant value in time.  The thesis was submitted to the University of New South Wales as partial requirement for the degree of Master of Engineering Science (Transport and Highways) 1978. (Author/TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 31 Jul 1985 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/212739</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AGGREGATES FOR ROAD PAVEMENTS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/152999</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The requirements of the UK Department of Transport's specification for road and bridgeworks, for aggregates which are to be used in upper courses of flexible roads or as sub-base materials are reviewed.  The need for wearing course materials with high resistance to skidding is emphasised, most aggregates with high polished stone value being from the gritstone group.  Descriptions are given of the United States Transportation Research Board's five classifications of aggregate for skid resistance, and the relationship between this property and polished stone value is discussed.  Reference is made to efforts to produce economically viable synthetic aggregates, and to the improvement of natural aggregates by heat treatment.  The Department of Transport's specification for concrete aggregates is included, and a survey is made of the commercial production of aggregates involving the amalgamation of many independent quarries into large groups able to supply in widespread locations a wide selection of crushed rock to meet most specifications.  (TRRL)]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Oct 1980 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/152999</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>ALTERNATIVES FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF AGGREGATE AND PAVEMENT PROPERTIES RELATED TO FRICTION AND WEAR RESISTANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/88692</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Utilizing literature review, expert opinions, research experience and limited tests, the following findings were obtained. Aggregates having a relatively high content of hard minerals accompanied by relatively high levels of differential hardness or porosity and good bonding of grains will resist both polishing and wear. The shape, size and distribution of the aggregate particles and of the grains within the particles also play a significant role in aggregate and surface performance. The levels of friction required by existing traffic and environmental conditions depend upon the presence of adequate surface microtexture at low speeds and the presence of both microtexture and macrotexture at high speeds. Equations to predict skid numbers from texture indicators were developed. Tire noise and tire wear were found to be mainly a function of tire characteristics. However, noise increased as the surface texture became very dense or very coarse and tire wear increased with increasing microtexture or when tire slippage occurred. The effect of aggregate and texture on rolling resistance is small except at extreme macrotexture levels. Open graded surfaces which provide good skid resistance also reduce glare, splash and spray. Known processes and innovations for aggregate beneficiation and for producing synthetic aggregates have been reviewed and discussed. Recommendations are made on properties, processes, testing procedures, and materials that appear promising and warrant further studies. An economic evaluation of various surfacing systems revealed that the costs of tire wear, accidents and noise are significant in that order, and that a 'Systems Cost' is the most important consideraton in choosing the system.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 1979 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/88692</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL ROADSTONE WITH HIGH RESISTANCE TO POLISHING</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/72902</link>
      <description><![CDATA[In connection with continually increasing traffic volumes and the resulting demands made upon aggregates used in the wearing courses of roads, it is desirable to check the possibility of manufacturing artificial roadstone having a resistance to polishing that is considerably higher than the polishing resistance of crushed river gravel.  In this article the results of a preliminary investigation into manufacturing methods of such aggregates are briefly discussed.  It is believed that this publication may stimulate further investigations on the part of any interested manufacturers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 27 Aug 1978 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/72902</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>AGGREGATES FOR SKID-RESISTANT ROADS</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/42949</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report reviews work that has been carried out at TRRL and elsewhere with the object of finding new sources of highly polish-resistant (high-psv) road aggregates. It covers both conventional aggregates (particularly gritstones and blastfurnace slags) and specially manufactured synthetic materials. These include calcined bauxites, gritty synthetic aggregates, porous aggregates, improved blastfurnace slags, shaped aggregates, calcined rocks and synthetic gritstones. The work reviewed has shown that Britain has large potential sources of high-psv aggregates, that calcined bauxites are better than almost all other materials and that there is a considerable range of synthetic materials that could be manufactured to provide aggregates with properties lying between those of the best natural rocks and calcined bauxite.  /Author/TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 13 Apr 1977 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/42949</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A PILOT-SCALE STUDY OF SLAG/CALCINED - BAUXITE AGGREGATE OF HIGH POLISHING RESISTANCE</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/32666</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The Transport and Road Research Laboratory is carrying out research into the manufacture of economically priced synthetic aggregates with resistance to polishing by traffic which is higher than that normally achieved by naturally occurring aggregates. Such aggregates are required for the surface treatment of difficult road sites where high resistance to skidding is required and where the polishing action of traffic is most severe. This report describes work which has been carried out under contract into the manufacture on a pilot scale of an aggregate using blastfurnace slag as a matrix and containing particles of calcined bauxite. This work has shown that the process is not likely to be commercially viable because it would require rapid mixing of the ingredients at a high temperature followed by rapid cooling, which would be incompatible with the needs of commercial production. /Author/TRRL/]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 24 Jul 1975 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/32666</guid>
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