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    <copyright>Copyright © 2026. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.</copyright>
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    <managingEditor>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</managingEditor>
    <webMaster>tris-trb@nas.edu (Bill McLeod)</webMaster>
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      <title>Transport Research International Documentation (TRID)</title>
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      <title>Activity duration dependent utility in a dynamic scheduling model</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2643215</link>
      <description><![CDATA[We present the use of duration-dependent activity utility within the dynamic scheduling model Scaper, which simulates individuals' full-day activity and travel schedules. In Scaper, agents make sequential choices in time which maximize expected future utility and respect time-space constraints. Using Swedish travel survey data, we estimate a new version of the model including piecewise linear utility functions for marginal activity duration by activity purpose. Our model reveals a strong duration dependence for work, leisure, and visit activities with differing functional shapes for each purpose. In simulation, the duration-dependent model better reproduces observed distributions of activity duration and performs as well across other metrics as the model without duration dependence. We illustrate the potential policy applications of the model using a scenario of shortened work days. The duration-dependent model offers useful predictions for the effects of the scenario on commute timing, nonwork activities, time spent at home, and trip chaining.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 25 Mar 2026 15:50:27 GMT</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title>Five minutes more or less: Understanding the travel time experience in public transport</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2642463</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This study examines how public transport passengers experience and use travel time and under what conditions they are particularly concerned about shorter travel time. Using a survey of Swedish public transport users and a follow-up focus group, we compare current patterns with a similar 2009 study. Findings indicate a slight decline in perceived value of travel time, coinciding with a marked reduction in working and studying during travel and a rise in passive and entertainment-oriented activities, likely linked to the substantially expanded availability of digital content. While our results confirm the findings of previous studies regarding the role of meaningful activities in shaping perceptions of travel time, they also suggest that the digital revolution has not amplified this effect as much as anticipated. Furthermore, regression analyses show that concern for shorter travel time peaks at moderate durations (30–45 min) and varies by age, public transport experience, and travel conditions. However, despite incorporating numerous explanatory variables, the explanatory power of the model remained modest, suggesting that these preferences are influenced by factors that are challenging to operationalise quantitatively. Our qualitative findings support this interpretation, indicating that attitudes toward travel time savings were often tied to perceived speed and journey smoothness rather than the actual time saved.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2026 09:47:16 GMT</pubDate>
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      <title>Fathoming out risk perception : an onboard ethnography of ro-pax sister ferries</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666500</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This thesis examines how risk perception is shaped, communicated, and enacted by crew members on board two sister ro-pax ferries operating in European trade. It asks how safety is understood and practiced not merely as a formal requirement, but as a lived reality grounded in social norms, experience, and departmental culture. Making use of ethnographic fieldwork including interviews, observation, fieldnotes and informal conversations, the study shows how formal procedures interact with the routines of onboard life, producing a collective perception of risk. Two conceptual triads are developed to structure the analysis: the triad of the senses comprising making sense, sharing sense and common sense; and the triad of the responses which consists of clash, harmony, and routine non-conformity. These frameworks capture how risk perception is formed, shared and made collective, and show how crew members respond to top down safety initiatives, revealing safety culture as a negotiated process between institutional regulation and everyday practice. Informed by normative institutionalism, the unanticipated consequences of purposive action, and the notion of organisational deviance, the thesis explores how formal rules are received on the deck floors and, in doing so, reveals crew members' situated expertise and proactive engagement with risk. Methodologically, the study contributes to maritime ethnography through a combination of realism, confessional narrative, and impressionism, and offers an immersive account of onboard working life. Practically, it identifies barriers to reporting systems and highlights the importance of informal mentoring in guiding newcomers toward a shared perception of risk. The study proposes that improved safety outcomes may depend not only on compliance, but on a better institutional understanding of how risk is perceived and negotiated collectively, on the deck floors.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 05 Feb 2026 08:32:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2666500</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Organising integrated urban mobility: actions, roles and identities in an evolving landscape</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603413</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Multimodal integration is currently being discussed as a way to challenge the dominance of automobility by providing attractive alternatives to private car ownership. Combining critical organisation studies with a mobilities perspective, this article maps actions taken towards integrated urban mobility in two Swedish cities over the course of a year and explores how these actions shape the roles and identities of the actors involved. The results demonstrate that integration is a relational process enacted through diverse practices, from the development of new concepts such as ‘collective mobility’ and the piloting of new infrastructure such as mobility hubs, to the everyday processes of operating public transport and facilitating active travel. These relations develop with varying degrees of formalisation, ranging from regulations and contracts to participation in reference groups. We show that through these actions, public sector actors are continuously making sense of themselves and others within an evolving urban mobility landscape, reflecting not only on potential new roles and organisational identities, but also on the distribution of responsibilities and tasks. Despite concerns about institutional silos and organisational inertia, public sector actors are gradually (albeit hesitantly) emerging as co-producers of integrated urban mobility, even though these efforts often lack systematic coordination.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Thu, 11 Dec 2025 17:18:09 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2603413</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>Charging forward or falling behind? Effects of electric vehicle subsidy removal</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633071</link>
      <description><![CDATA[To reach climate goals in the transport sector the pace of electrification needs to speed up. Sweden has one of the highest shares of electric vehicles (EV) in the world, and 45% of the EV fleet operates under leasing agreements. In 2018, the Swedish government introduced a bonus for low emission cars and a taxation on fossil-fuelled vehicles. The bonus was however eliminated in November 2022, effective immediately. We show that this led to a significant decline in private leasing of EVs while other market segments remained stable. Private leasing played a key role in expanding the stock of lightweight EVs and dominated new EV registrations among low-income households, which declined following the bonus withdrawal. We also show that the subsidy removal led to a significant increase in EV-leasing prices, making EVs the most expensive option across price segments.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 09 Dec 2025 13:43:07 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2633071</guid>
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    <item>
      <title>“I care about transport sustainability, but I have children”: Open-text surveys highlight the concerns of families with children</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611297</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The importance of providing access to quality public transport has been discussed in numerous literature and reports. Despite growing recognition of the need for inclusive public transport, the specific mobility needs of children and their caregivers remain largely overlooked in transport planning and evaluation. Conventional assessments—which rely on structured, expert-driven criteria such as accessibility, punctuality, and safety— often fail to capture the nuanced capabilities and unequal access experienced by underrepresented groups, such as families with children. This study addresses this gap by adopting an inductive approach to analyze open-text responses from survey data collected between 2022 and 2023 by the Swedish Public Transport Association. Employing sentiment and content analysis, we investigated how the survey respondents address children-related accessibility challenges and concerns about traveling by public transport while accompanying children. Approximately 15 % of the survey respondents answered the open-text questions, with around 3 % (415 individuals in 2022 and 588 in 2023) specifically mentioning the words “child” or “children.” Reviewing the responses, we identified four key concerns that constrain the capabilities of children and their caregivers: (1) time-management pressures, (2) affordability and value concerns, (3) safety concerns, and (4) comfort and convenience limitations. Through the lenses of transport justice and capability theory, we argue that capability deprivation could reinforce car dependency or reduce mobility and social participation opportunities for families with children. The results underscore the need to integrate child- and caregiver-specific needs into public transport planning and design. Furthermore, this study highlights the value of unstructured public feedback in revealing unmet mobility demands and nuanced quality expectations, which are critical for ensuring equitable access to sustainable transport for all citizens.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 31 Oct 2025 16:57:04 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2611297</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>‘Don’t be afraid of the bosses, they should be afraid of us’ – a power resource analysis of a successful union organising on local trains in Sweden</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608533</link>
      <description><![CDATA[During the 2000s, in Sweden, as in other European countries, the transport sector that once was public owned has been subjected to neoliberal privatisation. The involvement of private actors in public transport entails changes in industrial relations, which have impact in the workplace. In this paper, though a power recourse lens, we discuss a multifaceted labour dispute that occurred 2018 to 2021 between Arriva (now VR Sverige), the private company that runs the regional train service in the Swedish southern region of Skåne, and the local trade union club Klubb Pågatåg, affiliated with the blue-collar trade union federation Seko (Service- och Kommunikationsfacket). Started in conjunction with the negotiations for renewing the local collective agreement initially set for April 2020, the dispute became sharper following the decision of the company to implement a business plan contemplating the redefinition of individual terms of employment for all employees and, later, the attempt to fire the local trade union health and safety representative appointed by Klubb Pågatågwho confronted that decision. By relying on interviews, observations, online material as well as legal documents analysis, we discuss the significance of the 2020–2021 Pågatågand the capacity of a local trade union to successfully engage in a dispute by mobilising associational power resources even against institutional constraints. In line with global trends, our paper shows the strength of logistics workers (broadly conceived) in attempting to change power relations on the labour market through local union organising.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 29 Oct 2025 08:31:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2608533</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>BattFiSafe23 : developing battery fire safety requirements suitable for smaller EES spaces onboard</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598639</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The project “BattFiSafe 24” is a pre-study aimed at investigating fire test requirements for water-based fire extinguishing systems and adapted rule requirements for battery installations in small electric energy storage (EES) spaces on board ships. The objective of the project was to provide a comprehensive review of current firefighting practices for lithium-ion battery (LIB) fires, drawing from scientific literature and industry pre-studies. The project collaborated with manufacturers through workshops to enhance knowledge of firefighting systems for confined maritime spaces. The project aimed to draft a proposal for test specifications and a foundation for future studies to verify the effectiveness of these systems in preventing thermal propagation in LIBs. The project entailed close collaboration with industry partners, experts in the maritime domain, and battery fire safety. To gather input, and discuss firefighting systems and relevant regulatory aspects, a literature study, and a workshop were conducted.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:28 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598639</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Mixing hydrogen and methane as fuel for ship engines : a feasibility assessment of hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas as an alternative fuel for ship engines in short sea shipping</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598638</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This project evaluates the feasibility of HCNG as an alternative to conventional maritime fuels in short-sea shipping, focusing on technical and economic aspects. It examines HCNG's potential for CO2 emission reduction to meet emission regulations and the required modifications for logistics and storage of hydrogen and methane in next-generation ferries. The assessment includes various blending ratios of H2/CH4 and suitable locations (on board or at the port) for blending and storage within existing infrastructure. This project uses the current operations of so-called roll-on roll-off passenger vessel on the Gotland route between the Swedish East Coast and Gotland Island, along with the corresponding port infrastructure, as a case study. The technical assessment explores various blending ratios (H2/CH4) and storage opportunities, both in port and on board, addressing their characteristics and challenges. The economic assessment estimates only the costs of the required amount of fuel for different blending ratios (H2/CH4) for the case study vessel and routes. The economic assessment gives an idea of how the fuel cost (based on the fuel choice) can affect the economy of the system. Other technical aspects (hydrogen management and logistics, hydrogen facilities and injection systems, etc. are not included as they were out of the scope of the project. However, the economic assessment based on fuel price will provide a sufficient insight into the economic aspects for the stakeholders. The project also focuses largely on the environmental and climate benefits (performance) of the use of green hydrogen mixed with methane (at different ratios) as a fuel for shipping (using the case study).]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:19:27 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598638</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Shore leave : rare, brief and in danger of extinction</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598603</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Shore leave for seafarers is generally accepted as a custom, if not a right, essential for well-being and pressure relief from the responsibilities of life on board. However, it is clear that the ability of seafarers to take shore leave has been seriously eroded and may even be facing extinction. The combination of workload on board and limited time in port make it virtually impossible for seafarers to make time for shore leave. Commercial pressures have increased, and there is a serious risk that facilities available for seafarers will decline due to a lack of demand. The culprits are multiple. Without sufficient crew on board to cover the workload, companies fail to create schedules that allow for shore leave. Increasing numbers of inspections add to the burden. Port states can focus on security and efficient port operations without any compulsion to facilitate leave for foreign crew. The lack of easily accessible facilities and high transport costs dampen demand for shore leave, and seafarers themselves make the rational choice to stay on board. The fact that there is no single point of responsibility for the problem makes it challenging, but not impossible, to focus on effective solutions. The purpose of this research is to quantify the current levels of shore leave in terms of frequency and length of time spent ashore and to identify the barriers.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:56 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598603</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modeling on-board crowding contributions in public transportation systems using automated data sources</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598570</link>
      <description><![CDATA[Cities worldwide are progressively attracting more residents, making the transportation supply provision challenging and the overcrowding phenomenon a new norm. Crowding negatively affects passengers' travel experience and the operations of the public transportation system. So far, little attention has been given to how specific passenger groups, including the new residents of a city, contribute to public transportation crowding. Empirical knowledge of passenger groups' impact on the crowding conditions in the system can guide tailored policy initiatives such as new fare structures, dedicated public transportation services, or infrastructure investments. Automated data sources in the public transportation sector can play an important role in this direction by i) offering opportunities for passenger segmentation and ii) providing data with high spatiotemporal resolution. Paper I proposes a method based on smart card data for quantifying crowding contributions from a selected passenger group on the rest of the passengers at the journey level. We propose two novel metrics: time-weighted contribution to load factor and maximum contribution to load factor. The method is applied to two passenger groups: school students and passengers traversing Stockholm's inner city. Paper II extends the method proposed in Paper I in the context of new urban developments. The method captures the difference in crowding contributions induced by a newly developed area at the segment level. The method is applied to various urban developments, considering the classification of their types. Characteristics of the selected urban development categories such as the type, size, location, proximity to high-capacity public transportation connections, and socioeconomic characteristics are also concerned.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598570</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Does vessel size matter? : policy instruments in maritime transport and their impact on the working and living conditions on board</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598568</link>
      <description><![CDATA[This report examines the potential implications of size cut-offs in maritime regulation and legislation on seafarers' working and living conditions. The primary focus is on the newly introduced European Union (EU) environmental regulations. While the EU's new policies aim to cut greenhouse gas emissions and bring the sector into the climate action fold, there are potential unintended consequences to ship design and crew working conditions. Central to this debate is the 5 000 GT (Gross Tonnage) threshold, which dictates whether ships fall under these new rules. Smaller vessels, designed to dodge regulatory costs, could mean shrinking crew accommodations and cutting corners on working conditions. The study explores two primary questions: (i) Do restrictions based on gross tonnage (GT) impact the working and onboard living conditions of seafarers? And (ii) Does the 5 000 GT threshold risk lowering the quality of seafarers' working and living conditions onboard? The report employs three primary methods to investigate this: a review of relevant regulations, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders, and an analysis of LinkedIn discussions on the topic. Additionally, a financial calculation illustrates the economic motivations driving compliance strategies.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598568</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The effect of crowding and comfort in public transport on travel choice : empirical pilot study</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598561</link>
      <description><![CDATA[It is well known that crowding and comfort are important aspects for public transport passengers. Crowding and comfort are closely linked: one effect of high crowding is that comfort is perceived as lower through, for example, less freedom of movement and less chance of getting a seat. On-board comfort also depends on other factors such as noise, vibration, jerky acceleration and braking, seat design, and so on. This feasibility study focuses on in-vehicle crowding and the part of the perceived comfort that is due to crowding. Crowding occurs when so many people want to travel the same route at the same time that the amount of people approaches or exceeds the capacity of the public transport system. At the same time, crowding has a deterrent effect that makes some travelers choose other travel options. In order to calculate realistic passenger flows on different route segments and travel times between different origins and destinations in model-based forecasts, the deterrent effect of crowding needs to be calibrated against people's actual behavior. The purpose of this project has been to investigate the possibility of calibrating the effect of crowding in public transport on travel choices of travelers using ticket validation data and complementary supply data from the Transport Administration in Region Stockholm. The choices referred to are primarily route choices. We hope that the research will provide a better understanding of how comfort effects of crowding affect travelers’ route choices and how these effects can ultimately be integrated into forecasting tools such as Sampers together with Emme through changed algorithms, variables or parameter values. Better modeling of crowding effects can provide more accurate forecasts of passenger flows in public transport, as well as more accurate valuations of benefits that arise when congestion levels are affected by investments or policy measures.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 12 Sep 2025 10:18:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2598561</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Lidar-based road weather condition detection for increased traffic safety</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534314</link>
      <description><![CDATA[The focus of this project is on the exploration of the potential of detecting low friction surface condition using the LiDAR on a passenger vehicle. Klimator has been working on the road friction sensing technology for the last decades, where near-infra optical sensor has been developed and verified on different road friction conditions. This optical sensor is expected to have high similarity with an on-board LiDAR sensor e.g. at Volvo Cars. Therefore, Volvo Cars has the interest to perform the forementioned analysis together with Klimator. As todays LiDAR system on board is optimized for object detection in front of the vehicle. This project does also aim to find a specification for optimal LiDAR setup for passenger cars in road surface condition detection. The end goal is to create more robust active safety systems road weather condition into consideration and decrease the number of accidents that is caused in relation to slippery roads.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:16:35 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534314</guid>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>An autonomous robot bicycle for active safety tests</title>
      <link>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534203</link>
      <description><![CDATA[With the rapid emergence of autonomous driving technology, safety tests have become crucial for validating the functionality of these systems. High-fidelity scenarios of the tests typically involve various types of road users. To ensure safety during tests, human drivers are excluded, and instead, dummies and robots are used to simulate real road users. The test objects should follow pre-defined trajectories timely, and interact with each other. Then the on board ADAS systems' reaction may be tested in a controllable and repeatable manner. In this thesis, we developed an autonomous robot bicycle to serve in the aforementioned safety tests. To build the robot, an electric bicycle has been modified with sensors and actuators, and the target is to follow a specified trajectory with a dummy cyclist mounted on the saddle. Several modules are essential for this purpose. Firstly, a state estimator is designed to compute the bicycle's states using sensor fusion techniques. Secondly, a speed-dependent controller is developed through system identification technique, which estimates the dynamics of the unstable bicycle based on experimental data. Finally, an Iterative Learning Controller (ILC) is designed to exploit the repetitive nature of safety tests, enhancing trajectory tracking performance through iteration. These modules are detailed in the three papers included in this thesis.]]></description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2025 15:14:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://trid.trb.org/View/2534203</guid>
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